Developing Wholesome Intention Through the Four Right Efforts (Sammappadhāna)

Abstract

This mixed-methods action research study examined the development of wholesome intention among student volunteers at the International Buddhist Studies College (IBSC), with particular attention to volunteer fatigue, expectation-related distress, and intention–behavior consistency. The study had three objectives: (1) to identify current challenges affecting wholesome intention among IBSC student volunteers; (2) to develop a structured cultivation process based on the Four Right Efforts (Sammappadhāna); and (3) to evaluate preliminary changes following the intervention. The research proceeded in three phases. First, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 expert informants from Buddhist studies, psychology/mindfulness, volunteer management, and field practice. Second, the qualitative findings informed development of a 12-session iDANA training program integrating the Four Right Efforts with selected cognitive-behavioral tools, including the STOP technique and a 4C Response process. Third, 15 IBSC student volunteers completed a single-group pre-test/post-test evaluation using the 12-item Questionnaire-XJ. Qualitative findings highlighted tension between wholesome aspiration (chanda) and rigid, outcome-dependent expectation (taṇhā) as a recurring challenge in volunteer service. Quantitative results showed significant pre–post improvement on several questionnaire items, including maintenance of original wholesome intention (Q01: M = 3.73 to 4.27, p = .006, Cohen’s d = 0.83) and use of the 4C tool (Q12: d = 2.16). Overall training satisfaction was 4.70/5.00. Because the study used a small single-group sample and a researcher-developed instrument, the findings should be interpreted as preliminary evidence of feasibility and potential benefit rather than proof of intervention efficacy. The study proposes the Dynamic Consistency Model as a Buddhist-informed framework linking mindful awareness, cognitive reframing, committed action, and the Four Right Efforts in volunteer development.