“Toh” of the Sea Gypsies on the Andaman Coast: Identity and Creating Meanings in Ritual Areas within the Tourism Context

Abstract

The objectives of this research were to study: 1) the historical development of the Andaman Sea Gypsies, 2) their ethnic identity and preservation, 3) the forms of beliefs, rituals, and meaning-creating in ritual areas related to “Toh,” and 4) the cultural landscapes associated with “Toh” within the tourism context. This qualitative research emphasized fieldwork conducted in five provinces and eight areas along the Andaman coast. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and focus group discussions. The analysis of field phenomena was guided by integrated theories and concepts, including Functionalism, Semiotics, Identity, Ethnic Preservation, Cultural Landscapes, and Cultural Wisdom, to understand the complex relationships between humans, culture, and the environment. The findings were presented through descriptive and analytical approaches.

            The study revealed four key findings. First, the Urak Lawoi, Moken, and Moklen have undergone historical developments closely linked to their environment and ecosystems before eventually settling across the Andaman coastline and forming communities. Their strong connection to the sea has shaped their way of life through resource dependence and traditional beliefs. Second, sea Gypsies has continued to maintain their identity and ethnic preservation linked to their ancestors and sacred beings through the belief in “Toh,” which reflected the relationship between humans and nature. Third, the forms of Sea Gypsy beliefs and rituals have symbolized reverence for the sea and ancestral spirits while fostering kinship ties. Ritual leaders known as “Toh Mo” served as intermediaries between humans and the sacred within the ritual areas. Finally, the cultural landscapes associated with “Toh” represent valuable cultural resources that attracted tourism; however, they were at risk of commodification if appropriate management participation was lacking. This study concludes that rituals related to “Toh” serve as a means of maintaining the relationship between humans and nature, preserving ethnic identity, and acting as a communication tool for self-representation to the outside society.