Thailand’s Ajarn: Tracing Material-Semiotic Relationships in Thai Higher Education
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มิ.ย. 30, 2022
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Thailand aspires to be a high-income nation through higher education global reform. This article explores Ajarn, the entry-level role and venerated honorific title for university academic faculty in Thailand, who, we contend, are key to international progress. It seeks to explain the relational symmetry between their role and the broader challenges encountered in Thai HE. Using a literature review drawn from sociolinguistics and Actor-Network Theory (ANT) semiotics, furthered by Bruno Latour, John Law, and Michel Callon, we adopt a theoretical material-semiotic approach to trace problems influencing Ajarn. We conclude with recommendations to support Thai HE reforms for collaboration on a global stage. In doing so, we offer an appreciation of the cultural complexity, sociolinguistic history, and capital of the Ajarn role. Indeed, greater cross-cultural understanding of this is needed, as we move, within Thailand, towards transformation in a more internationalised, therefore global, educational system.
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Day, M.J, Carr, L., Halford, S. (2015). Developing the pro-human web [Paper presentation]. WebSci’15: Proceedings of the ACM Web Science Conference, Oxford, UK.
Day, M.J., and Skulsuthavong, M. (2019). Web science in SE Asia: Cultivating a ‘Thai digital renaissance’ through (re)introducing an interdisciplinary science in higher education [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of the 2019 ANPOR APCA Annual Conference, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Day, M.J., Du Preez, S., Low, D.S., & Skulsuthavong, M. (2021c). Reinventing Thai universities: Ajarn, Thailand 4.0 & cross-cultural communication. Journal of Mass Communication/ วารสาร การ สื่อสารมวลชน, 9(1): 102-144.
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EBC News. (2019, March 21). Taida sushe buzu zai waizu wu? Zhuli jiaoshou tan: xin 7 wan nan shenghuo [Not enough National Taiwan University staff dorms to rent? Assistant professor sighs: It’s hard to live on a 70,000-yuan salary]. EBC News. https://fnc.ebc.net.tw/fncnews/jobs/74222
Evans, L. (2016). The purpose of professors: Professionalism, pressures and performance. Leadership Foundation for Higher Education.
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Flaherty, C. (2020, April 8). Professor pay is flat -- Again. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/04/08/professor-pay-flat-again
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings: 1972-1977. Harvester Press.
Fry, G.W. (2018). Education in Thailand: An old elephant searching for a new mahout. Springer.
George, P. (1987). University teaching across cultures. United States Information Service.
Gollwitzer, P. (1986). Striving for specific identities: The social reality of self-symbolizing. In R. Baumeister (Ed.), Public Self and Private Self (143–159). Springer-Verlag.
Halliday, M.A.K. (2016). Aspects of language and learning (J.J. Webster, Ed.). Springer.
Hong Kong Legislative Council. (2007). Administration's paper on staff grades and salary scales of University Grants Committee-funded institutions [report]. http://library.legco.gov.hk:1080/record=b1080270
International Labour Organization. (2017). The Reverse Brain Drain project, Thailand [archive]. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/migpractice/migmain.showPractice?p_lang=en&p_practice_id=43
Jones, C., and Pimdee, P. (2017). Innovative ideas: Thailand 4.0 and the fourth industrial revolution. Asian International Journal of Social Sciences, 17(1), 4–35.
Joungtrakul, J. (2019). Thai higher education in crisis: Lay off of university staff on the way. Journal of Business Administration and Social Sciences Ramkhamhaeng University, 2(1), 1–16.
Kamnuansilpa, P. (2018, September 20). The existential threat to Thai universities. The Nation. http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/opinion/30354844
Kanjananiyot, P., Singhadechakul, C., and Vorathanyakij, V. (2002). Thai higher education in brief. Ministry of University Affairs, Thailand.
Kaur, A., Young, D., and Kirkpatrick, R. (2016). English education policy in Thailand: Why the poor results? In R. Kirkpatrick (Ed.), English language education policy in Asia (345–361). Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
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Lao, R. (2015). A Critical study of Thailand's higher education reforms: The culture of borrowing. Routledge.
Lao, R. (2017, May 31). Thailand and the inequality challenges. Bangkok Post. https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1259610/thailand-and-the-inequality-challenges
Latour, B. (1991). Technology is society made durable. In Law, J. (Ed.) A sociology of monsters? Essays on power, technology and domination (103–131). Routledge.
Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network theory. Oxford University Press.
Law, J. (1999). After ANT: Complexity, naming and topology. In J. Hassard and J. Law (Eds.) Actor-network theory and after (1–14). Blackwell Publishers.
Law, J. (2000). Object, spaces and others. Lancaster University.
Law, J., & Singleton, V. (2003). Object lessons. Lancaster University.
Lee, K.Y. (1982). The search for talent. National Archives of Singapore. https://www.nas.gov.sg/archivesonline/data/pdfdoc/lky19820812.pdf
Lee, H.-W., & Lin, M.-C. (2014). A study of salary satisfaction and job enthusiasm – mediating effects of psychological contract. Applied Financial Economics, 24(24), 1577–1583.
Lim, L., & Pang, E.F. (2018, December 3). Singapore’s US$200k starter salaries: why education pays the price. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/2175473/singapores-us200k-starter-salaries-why-education-pays-price
Low, D.S, Aung, M.T & Day, M.J. (2020). Cognitive Sociology. Human Behavior, Development and Society. 21 (4): 66-77.
Mackenzie, D., and Wacjman, J. (1999). The social shaping of technology. Open University Press.
Mahidol University. (2013). Handbook for international employees of Mahidol University. https://mahidol.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/handbookstaff.pdf
Mala, D. (2019a, January 4). Thai universities struggle to keep up. Bangkok Post. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1604990/thai-unis-struggle-to-keep-up
Mala, D. (2019b, July 21). Education minister urges universities to change with the times, Bangkok Post. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1716063/education-minister-urges-universities-to-change-with-the-times
Ministry of Education. (1998). History of Thai education. Ministry of Education Publications.
Mounier, A., & Tangchuang, P. (2010). Education and knowledge in Thailand: The quality controversy. Silkworm Books.
National Science and Technology Development Agency. (2021). Professional development. http://www.nstda.or.th/en/manpower-development/professional-development.html
National University of Singapore. (n.d.) NUS presidential young professorship [infographic]. https://www.nus.edu.sg/careers/NUS-Presidential-Young-Professorship.pdf
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OECD. (2019). Thailand country note – PISA 2018 results. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/PISA2018_CN_THA.pdf
Persons, L. (2008). The anatomy of Thai face. Manusya Journal of Humanities, 1(1), 53–75.
Prince of Songkla University. Handbook for foreign employees of Prince of Songkla University. https://en.psu.ac.th/download/Handbook-for-Foreign-Staff.pdf
Rangsivek, K. (2017). The authoritarian personality in Thailand [Paper presentation]. 13th International Conference on Thai Studies: Globalised Thailand? Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Royal Thai Embassy. (2015). Thailand 4.0. https://thaiembdc.org/thailand-4-0-2/
Sasiwongsaroj, K. and Burasit, Y. (2019). Managing Thailand’s Ageing Population. Perspective. 32, 1–15.
Segaller, D. (2005). Thai ways. Silkworm Books.
Singapore Ministry of Manpower. (2020). Median, 25th and 75th percentiles of monthly basic and gross wages of common occupations by industry, June 2019 [spreadsheet]. https://stats.mom.gov.sg/iMAS_Tables1/Wages/Wages_2019/mrsd_2019Wages_table4.xlsx
Sinlarat, P. (2000). Higher education in Thailand: Critical perspectives. The Textbook and Academic Document Center, Chulalongkorn University.
Sinlarat, P. (2004). Thai universities: Past, present and future. In G. Altbach and T. Umakoshi (Eds). Asian universities: Historical perspectives and contemporary challenges (201–220). John Hopkins University Press.
Siripitakchai, N., & Miyazaki, K. (2015). Thailand’s national research universities (NRUs) and their university-industry linkages (UILs) based on university-industry co-publications (UICs). Proceedings of PICMET’15: Management of the Technology Age, Portland, OR, USA.
Skulsuthavong, M. (2016). 'Thainess' and Bridal Perfection in Thai Wedding Magazines [Doctoral thesis, Cardiff University]. ORCA.
Sujato, B. (2010, March 23). Bhante or ajahn? Sujato’s Blog. https://sujato.wordpress.com/2010/03/23/bhante-or-ajahn/
Taipei Times. (2016, February 23). National university to boost salaries for chair professors. Taipei Times. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/02/23/2003640035
Taiwan Executive Yuan. (2017, August 8). Yushan project to raise salaries for academics and researchers [press release]. https://english.ey.gov.tw/News3/9E5540D592A5FECD/9642ee7c-0395-47ab-a393-5abe6d624133
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Taiwan Today. (2020, July 29). MOE unveils 2020 Yushan scholars and young scholars. Taiwan Today. https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=2,6,10,15,18&post=182177
Tangchuang, P. (2002). Satisfactions of Chiang Mai University graduates as perceived by users. Faculty of Education, Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
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