An Integrative Framework Linking Buddhist Symbolism, Spatial Syntax, and Experiential Sequences

Abstract

This research article aims to: (1) examine Buddhist symbols from the Dvaravati period and translate them into design units for contemporary Buddhist landscape architecture; (2) integrate these Buddhist symbols into contemporary Buddhist landscape architectural design; and (3) present the evolution of Dvaravati wisdom toward contemporary Buddhist landscape architecture. The study employs a qualitative research approach. Key informants include monks, archaeologists, landscape architects, architects, master craftsmen, artisans, and community leaders. Research instruments consist of semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Data collection was conducted in three phases: document study, initial field survey, and focus group discussions. Data were analyzed using content analysis by classifying and categorizing information derived from documents and interviews in order to identify patterns, concepts, and meanings emerging from the data.

The findings reveal that: 1) Buddhist symbols from the Dvaravati period can be translated into design units for contemporary Buddhist landscape architecture. At least six symbolic elements were identified, including the Dharmachakra (Wheel of Dharma), the deer pair, the Bodhi tree, stupas or pagodas, lotus or water-jar motifs, and mandala patterns. These were further synthesized into recurring spatial grammar, namely axial procession, transitional courtyards, circumambulatory paths, and pause points. The elements were subsequently organized into a matrix linking symbolic meanings, physical components, and spatial experiences to serve as design units. 2) A three-layer integrative framework from symbolic meaning to spatial layout and experiential sequence was developed, together with four integration criteria: clarity of meaning, ritual appropriateness, physical and climatic suitability, and community acceptance. In addition, a catalog of approximately five to twelve design patterns was compiled and validated by experts and site users. 3) Practical applications are proposed, including the DVARA framework, a set of design principles, and two prototype site layouts for different contexts: dense urban temple courtyards and semi-rural temple settings. Supporting materials include recommended material palettes and plant species, as well as a process toolkit covering site reading and participatory co-design, which can be applied in real-world design projects.