The Process of Kamma in Theravada Buddhism for Learning and Life Development

Abstract

The research article was designed with the following objectives: (1) to examine theoretical concepts related to learning processes for life development; (2) to explore the process of kamma in Theravāda Buddhism; and (3) to integrate the Buddhist concept of kamma for learning and life development. This study employed qualitative research methodology, incorporating both documentary and field research. Documentary research involved the analysis of primary sources such as the Tipiṭaka, relevant academic literature, and related previous studies. For the field research component, data were collected through in-depth, structured interviews conducted with a purposively selected group of key informants. A total of 17 individuals, selected based on their relevance to the research topic, participated in the study. The collected data were analyzed and presented through descriptive analysis.

The study revealed the following key findings: 1) Theoretical concepts on learning processes for life development refer to the learning process aims to enhance individuals’ physical and mental capacities, enabling them to manage themselves and adapt to their environment effectively. This development of foundational life skills supports a safe and happy existence, free from social challenges. In contrast, the Buddhist approach to life development emphasizes a holistic self-training process—physically, mentally, and spiritually—promoting balance in all three dimensions, which ultimately leads to the cultivation of a well-rounded, virtuous individual; 2) The process of Kamma in Theravāda Buddhism is viewed as the driving force behind life, originating from intentional volition based on desire or craving. This mental intention gives rise to physical and verbal actions, resulting in the generation of kamma—both wholesome and unwholesome. Kamma is first formed at the mental level and later expressed through action. It is stored in the subconscious until the appropriate conditions arise for it to bear fruit. Whether the kamma is deemed good or bad depends on its consequences for both the individual and society. The practice of morality, concentration, and wisdom serves as the foundation for cultivating skillful thoughts, speech, and actions; and 3) Wisdom fosters knowledge, insight, and the discernment of right from wrong, as well as the ability to differentiate between appropriate and inappropriate actions. It empowers individuals to effectively address life’s challenges and remain responsive to the dynamics of a changing world, thereby enhancing physical, mental, and cognitive capabilities. This comprehensive development supports a fulfilling, harmonious, and well-balanced life in the present. The body of knowledge developed from this research is termed the “IER Model”, comprising three core elements: "I" for Improvement, representing the refinement of behavior through the cultivation of moral discipline (sīla), "E" for Effort, denoting the continuous striving to perform wholesome actions by training the mind to cultivate virtuous qualities, and "W" for Wisdom, signifying the application of wisdom as a guiding principle for ethical conduct and right decision-making.