The Learning Management Model for Higher Education Students for Learning Outcomes with Integrated Buddhism

Abstract

This research aimed to investigate the context of outcome-based education (OBE), identify relevant Buddhadhamma principles, and ultimately develop and propose the WOCA (Wisdom, Origination, Conscience, Agility) Model, a Buddhadhamma-integrated pedagogical framework for enhancing learning outcomes in Thai higher education. A qualitative methodology was employed, gathering data through in-depth interviews with 20 key informants and a focus group discussion with 5 purposively selected experts. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis. The research identified three core Buddhadhamma principles suitable for integration:  Paṭisambhidā 4 (Four Analytical Knowledge), Pubbanimitta 7 (Seven Preconditions), and Hiri-ottappa (Moral Shame and Fear). The integration of these principles with the four KSEC domains (Knowledge, Skills, Ethics, Character) revealed that: (K) Knowledge aligned with Paṭisambhidā 4; (S) Skills aligned with Pubbanimitta 7 and Niruttipatisambhidā; (E) Ethics aligned with Hiri-ottappa (moral shame and moral fear); and (C) Character with Paṭibhāṇapaṭisambhidā and Yonisomanasikārasampadā. The WOCA Model operationalises these alignments into a systematic pedagogical approach that cultivates cognitive competence, applied skill, ethical awareness, and adaptive character, thereby reframing higher education as a process of holistic life development. Implications for curriculum design, teacher development, and assessment practices are discussed, and recommendations are provided for piloting and evaluating the model in diverse higher education contexts.