A Comparative Study on the Concept and Practices of Perfection (Pāramītas) In Theravāda and Mahāyāna Buddhism

Abstract

This documentary research investigates the concepts and practices of pāramī in Theravāda Buddhism and pāramitā in Mahāyāna Buddhism. Our primary objectives are to: (1) explore pāramī in Theravāda, (2) examine pāramitā in Mahāyāna, and (3) compare these concepts across both traditions. The study primarily utilises translated Pāli Tipiṭaka and Mahāyāna Sūtras as primary sources, supplemented by commentaries, sub-commentaries, Buddhist textbooks, and academic research from both schools, translated from Pāli and Tibetan.

While sharing a common foundation, the teachings of pāramī and pāramitā exhibit distinct developments and emphases. Both traditions focus on the practices of Bodhisattas (future Buddhas) in their past lives, striving for Buddhahood. However, Theravāda largely relies on Pāli scriptures, while Mahāyāna employs Sanskrit texts, leading to divergent interpretations. Initially, the core meaning of both terms is similar, stressing virtues like generosity, morality, and patience. Later, Theravāda commentators expanded pāramī to thirty sub-qualities, making it relevant not only for Bodhisattas but also for Sāvakayana (disciples) and Pacceka Buddha (solitary realisers). In contrast, Mahāyāna introduced new terminology such as bodhicitta (the aspiration for enlightenment) and emphasised the qualitative aspects of the path.

The ultimate goal in both traditions is Buddhahood, though Theravāda later accommodated other forms of enlightenment, such as Sāvakayana. Mahāyāna, conversely, maintains a strong focus on the Bodhisattva path, including the practice of taking mass Bodhisattva vows, which is absent in Theravāda. Both traditions emphasise compassion, but Mahāyāna emphasises the Bodhisattva's commitment to universal salvation. In practice, Theravāda's pāramī is more quantitative, focusing on accumulating virtues, while Mahāyāna's pāramitā is more qualitative, emphasising the transformation of mind and intention. Despite these differences, the fundamental idea remains consistent: pāramī/pāramitā represents the path taken by the Buddha in his previous lives as a Bodhisatta, with both traditions ultimately aiming for the cultivation of wisdom and compassion leading to enlightenment.