THe Origin and Development of the Four Foundations of Mindfulness in China

Abstract

This article delves into the origin and development of the Four Foundations of Mindfulness (Satipaṭṭhāna) within the Chinese Buddhist tradition. The Four Foundations of Mindfulness—mindfulness of the body, feelings, mind, and mental objects—constitute a central practice in Theravāda Buddhism, introduced through the Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta. The integration and evolution of these practices within Chinese Buddhism, particularly through the influences of Mahāyāna and Chan (Zen) traditions, present a unique confluence of doctrinal and practical transformations. This study traces the historical journey of these foundations from their introduction into China during the Han Dynasty through the Silk Road to their adaptation and re-interpretation by Chinese Buddhist scholars and practitioners during the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties (A.D. 220 – 589). By examining primary sources, commentarial literature, and contemporary practices, this article elucidates the dynamic processes that have shaped the Four Foundations of Mindfulness in the Chinese context, highlighting their enduring significance in promoting mental clarity, ethical conduct, and spiritual awakening. The discussion is framed around three key issues: 1) The Background of the Politics and Culture of the Period of Wei Jin in China; 2) The Origin and Development of the Four Foundations of Mindfulness in China; and 3) Translation of the Scriptures about Four Foundations of Mindfulness in Early China.