Promotion of Peaceful Co-existence Between Buddhists and Non-Buddhists in Rakhine State of Myanmar

Abstract

This research aims to explore and promote peaceful co-existence between Buddhists and non-Buddhists in Rakhine State, Myanmar. The objectives are threefold: (1) to examine the underlying causes, consequences, and current challenges of the ongoing conflict; (2) to analyze relevant peacebuilding theories alongside Theravāda Buddhist doctrines that contribute to conflict resolution; and (3) to propose a practical framework for promoting sustainable peace in the region based on Buddhist peaceful means. This qualitative study draws upon a range of sources including the Tipiṭaka, commentaries, sub-commentaries, academic research, historical records, newspapers, and peace theory literature in both English and Pāli.

The findings indicate that the root causes of conflict in Rakhine include hatred, generational vengeance, poverty, political manipulation, and the influence of external rhetoric (paratoghosa), often reinforced by unwise attention (ayonisomanasikāra). In contrast, Theravāda Buddhist principles such as deep listening, wise attention (yonisomanasikāra), the Four Bases of Sympathy (saṅgahavatthu), and the Six Principles of Cordiality (sārāṇīyadhamma) are vital for fostering mutual respect, understanding, and reconciliation. Findings reveal that unwise attention and external provocative speech (paratoghosa) fuel negative stereotypes and hinder empathetic engagement. Conversely, Buddhist practices of deep listening, right mindfulness, and wise attention cultivate the cognitive and emotional conditions necessary for de-escalation and reconciliation. The Four Bases of Sympathy, generosity, kind speech, beneficial conduct, and impartiality emerged as particularly potent for rebuilding trust and social cohesion. When these principles are combined with modern peacebuilding strategies (e.g., dialogue facilitation, community peace committees, restorative justice), they form a robust, context-sensitive approach to reconciliation.

The study culminates in a proposed three-phase model, awareness and empathy building, collaborative problem solving, and institutionalisation of peace practices, designed to guide policymakers, religious leaders, and civil society actors in Rakhine State. By situating Buddhist ethical teachings within a broader peacebuilding framework, this research offers a holistic pathway toward lasting harmony and social resilience in one of Myanmar’s most conflict-affected regions.