An Interpretation of Root of Pairs in Yamaka

Abstract

Human actions of body, speech, and mind are shaped by the mental states that underlie them, whether wholesome (kusala) or unwholesome (akusala). According to the Abhidhamma, wholesome actions arise from consciousness (citta) rooted in non-greed (alobha), non-hatred (adosa), and non-delusion (amoha). In contrast, unwholesome actions stem from consciousness rooted in greed (lobha), hatred (dosa), and delusion (moha). A central question arises as to how these roots (hetu) are present or absent in particular states of mind. In the Mūla-Yamaka, one of the Yamaka treatises of the Abhidhamma, the Buddha’s analytical method examines the relationship between roots and consciousness, clarifying how they condition and support each other.

This study examines the doctrine of roots as presented in the Abhidhamma Piṭaka and its commentaries. First, it investigates the conceptual framework of the pairs of roots and their significance in shaping mental states. Second, it analyzes the connection between wholesome and unwholesome words (kusala pada and akusala pada) to illustrate how roots function in practical life. Finally, it discusses methods for cultivating wholesome roots and eradicating unwholesome ones through the principles of nature and their intrinsic characteristics. By interpreting the pairs of roots within the Abhidhamma framework, this research highlights their relevance for ethical conduct, mental development, and the pursuit of liberation.