Developing Volunteer Spirit Based on Buddhist Psychology to Enhance Happiness through the Promotion of Buddhist Activities in the United Kingdom

Abstract

This qualitative research aimed: 1. to analyze the concepts of volunteerism, Buddhist principles, psychological theories, motivation for engaging in Buddhist activities, and the happiness derived from promoting Buddhist activities in the United Kingdom; 2. to synthesize guidelines for developing volunteerism based on Buddhist psychology to enhance happiness through the promotion of Buddhist activities; and 3. to propose practical guidelines for such development. Data were collected through document and literature analysis, in-depth interviews with 25 experts and qualified individuals, focus group discussions with 12 experts, and knowledge evaluation using a four-dimensional standard evaluation system by 6 experts. Research instruments included literature review, in-depth interview protocols, and focus group guidelines. Data were analyzed using the Triangulation Technique, Logical Matrix Technique, and 6’C Technique.

The findings revealed that: 1. The integration of the Five Noble Growth (Ariyavaḍḍhi), the Three Bases of Meritorious Action (Bun-kiriya-vatthu), and McClelland’s Motivation Theory—particularly achievement and affiliation motivation—enhanced the characteristics of volunteerism in line with Buddhist psychology. Such characteristics supported personal development, interpersonal development, work effectiveness, and the cultivation of physical, social, emotional, and intellectual well-being in Buddhist activities conducted in the United Kingdom. 2. The development of volunteerism emerged from synthesizing three bodies of knowledge: Buddhist principles, psychological theories, and Buddhist psychology. This synthesis produced a new conceptual framework entitled “Buddhist Volunteerism for Happiness: UK2PASS,” which serves as a guideline for developing volunteer characteristics that foster happiness and effectiveness in promoting Buddhist activities. 3. The “UK2PASS” framework comprises eight components: 1) Buddhist Mind Creates Happiness, reflecting volunteer qualities grounded in Buddhist psychological practice; 2) Unity; 3) Kalyāṇamitta, or compassionate companionship; 4) Paradigm, a guiding perspective for volunteer development; 5) Peace of Mind, cultivating inner tranquility that radiates outward; 6) Atmosphere, fostering supportive environments for practice and work; 7) Self-esteem, recognizing personal and interpersonal value; and 8) Sustainability through consistent and continuous practice. This framework provides practical guidance for developing Buddhist psychological volunteerism that promotes sustainable happiness in the United Kingdom.