Exploring Communication Strategies in Cross-Cultural Interaction Between Native English Teachers and Thai EFL Teachers
Keywords:
Cross-cultural interaction, Communication strategies, Native English teachers, Thai EFL teachersAbstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate cross-cultural interactions between Thai teachers who teach English as a foreign language (EFL) and native English-speaking teachers focusing on cross-cultural interaction apprehension and communication strategies (CSs) that Thai EFL teachers and native English-speaking teachers used in their conversations. The participants were high school teachers and university instructors in Phayao Province, Thailand. A total of 92 responses were gathered from 75 Thai EFL teachers and 17 native English-speaking teachers. The questionnaire and interview were used to collect data. The results of the study show that native English-speaking teachers had lower cross-cultural interaction apprehension than Thai EFL teachers. A majority of the participants regularly used communication strategies while interacting with people who come from different languages or cultures such as body language. There was a significant correlation between cross-cultural interaction apprehension and communication strategies in Thai EFL teachers, but there was no significant correlation between cross-cultural interaction apprehension and communication strategies in native English-speaking teachers. In addition, the way to use communication strategies between the Thai EFL teachers and the native English-speaking teachers were not significantly different. Moreover, the results show there was a significant difference in the cross-cultural interaction anxiety between the Thai EFL teachers and the native English teachers.
References
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Berlo DK. (1960). The Process of Communication, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
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Bialystok E. (1990). Communication strategies. Oxford: Blackwell.
Bongaerts T, Poulisse N. (1989). Communication strategies in L1 and L2: Same or different? Applied Linguistics: 253-268.
Campbell DT, Fiske DW. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological bulletin: 56(2), 81.
Carter CC. (2000). Saving Face in Southeast Asia: The Implementation of Prepackaged Plans of Reorganization in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia: 295.
Cervantes CAR, Roux R. (2012). The Use of Communication Strategies in the Beginner EFL Classroom. Gist: Revista Colombiana de Educación Bilingüe, (6): 111-128.
Chang CW. (2012). Exploring the beliefs of native and non-native English speaking kindergarten teachers in Taiwan, International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 1(1).
Cheng W. (2002). Intercultural communication between Native and Non-native speakers of English, Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong.
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Culhane SF. (2004). An intercultural interaction model: acculturation attitudes in second language acquisition. Electronic. Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 1(1): 50-61.
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Dörnyei Z, Kormos J. (1998). Problem-solving mechanisms in L2 communication. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 20(3): 349-385.
Dörnyei Z, Scott ML. (1997). Communication strategies in a second language: Definitions and taxonomies. Language learning, 47(1): 173-210.
Dörnyei Z. (1995). On the teachability of communication strategies. Tesol Quarterly, 29(1): 55-85.
Faux II, WV, Young R. (2011). Description of Difficult Conversation between Native and Non-Native English Speakers: In-group Membership and Helping Behaviors, The Qualitative Report, 16(2): 494-508.
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Martin JN, Nakayama TK. (2013). Intercultural Communication in Contexts, Sixth edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
McCroskey JC. (1977). Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research. Human communication research, 4(1): 78-96.
McCroskey JC, Gudykunst WB, Nishida T. (1985). Communication apprehension among Japanese students in native and second language. Communication Research Reports, 2:11-15.
Melinte IE. (2012). Cultural transfer and the Cross-cultural impact of foreign languages, International Journal of Communication Research, 2(1): 58-63.
Mei A, Nathalang S. (2010). Use of communication strategies by Chinese EFL learners. Chinese. Journal of Applied Linguistics, 33(3): 110-125.
Miller K. (2005). Communication Theories: Perspectives, Processes, and Contexts. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education; 2 editions.
Movius L. (2010). ‘Cultural Globalisation and Challenges to Traditional Communication Theories’, PLATFORM: Journal of Media and Communication, 2(1): 6-18.
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Najafbagy R. (2008). Problems of Effective Cross-cultural Communication and Conflict Resolution, Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics & Culture 2008, 15/16(4):146-150.
Nakatani Y. (2005). The Effects of Awareness-Raising Training on Oral Communication Strategy Use. The Modern Language Journal, 89(1): 76-91.
Neuliep JW. (2012). Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach, 5th edition, N.P., Sage publications, Inc.
Neulip JW, McCroskey JC. (1997). The development of intercultural and interethnic communication apprehension scales. Communication Research Report, 14(2): 145-156.
Oyserman D, Coon HM, Kemmelmeier M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological bulletin:128(1), 3.
Singer MR. (1987). Intercultural Communication: A Perceptual Approach, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Tarone E. (1977). Conscious communication strategies in interlanguage: A progress report. In Brown, H. D., Yorio, C. A. and Crymes, R. C. (Eds.), On TESOL’77: (pp.194-203). Washington: TESOL.
Tarone E. (1980). Communication strategies, foreigner talk, and repair in interlanguage. Language learning, 30(2): 417-428. N.P., n.p.
Tarone E. (1981). Some thoughts on the notion of communication strategy. TESOL quarterly, 15(3), 285-295.
Váradi T. (1980). Strategies of target language learner communication: Message adjustment. In Paper presented at the 6th Conference of the Romanian-English Linguistics Project, Timisoara. Published in IRAL, 18, 59-71.
Wang MM, Brislin R, Wang W, Williams, D, Chao JH. (2000). Turning bricks into jade: Critical incidents for mutual understanding among Chinese and Americans. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
Watzlawick P, Beavin Bavelas J, Jackson DD. (1967). Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies and Paradoxes. W.W. Norton &Company, New York, London, 51.
Williams R. Culture is ordinary (1958). Cultural theory: an anthology, 2011:53-59.
Wong C. (2009). Are native speaker “Good” language instructors? A case study of untrained ESL tutors. ARECLS, Vol.6:122-140.
Yuan CW, Setlock LD, Cosley D, Fussell SR. (2003). Understanding informal communication in multilingual contexts. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work: 909-922.
Zohrabi M. (2013). Mixed Method Research: Instruments, Validity, Reliability and Reporting Findings. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(2), 2013: 254-262.
Baker W. (2009). Intercultural awareness and intercultural communication through English: an investigation of Thai English language user in higher education. Southampton: University of Southampton.
Baker W. (2012). English as a lingua franca in Thailand: Characterisations and implications." Englishes in Practice 1.1.
Barnett GA, Lee M. (2003). lssues in lntercultural Communication Research, Cross-cultural and intercultural communication, SAGE publication.
Bentley JH. (1996). Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History, The American Historical Review 101(3):749-770.
Berlo DK. (1960). The Process of Communication, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Bialystok E. (1983). "Some factors in the selection and implementation of communication strategies." Strategies in interlanguage communication: 100-118.
Bialystok E. (1990). Communication strategies. Oxford: Blackwell.
Bongaerts T, Poulisse N. (1989). Communication strategies in L1 and L2: Same or different? Applied Linguistics: 253-268.
Campbell DT, Fiske DW. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological bulletin: 56(2), 81.
Carter CC. (2000). Saving Face in Southeast Asia: The Implementation of Prepackaged Plans of Reorganization in Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia: 295.
Cervantes CAR, Roux R. (2012). The Use of Communication Strategies in the Beginner EFL Classroom. Gist: Revista Colombiana de Educación Bilingüe, (6): 111-128.
Chang CW. (2012). Exploring the beliefs of native and non-native English speaking kindergarten teachers in Taiwan, International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 1(1).
Cheng W. (2002). Intercultural communication between Native and Non-native speakers of English, Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong.
Chomsky N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. The MIT press: Vol. 11.
Creswell JW. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
Culhane SF. (2004). An intercultural interaction model: acculturation attitudes in second language acquisition. Electronic. Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 1(1): 50-61.
Dörnyei Z, Csizér K. (2005). The effects of intercultural contact and tourism on language attitudes and language learning motivation. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 24(4):327-357.
Dörnyei Z, Kormos J. (1998). Problem-solving mechanisms in L2 communication. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 20(3): 349-385.
Dörnyei Z, Scott ML. (1997). Communication strategies in a second language: Definitions and taxonomies. Language learning, 47(1): 173-210.
Dörnyei Z. (1995). On the teachability of communication strategies. Tesol Quarterly, 29(1): 55-85.
Faux II, WV, Young R. (2011). Description of Difficult Conversation between Native and Non-Native English Speakers: In-group Membership and Helping Behaviors, The Qualitative Report, 16(2): 494-508.
Færch C, Kasper G. (1983). Plans and strategies in foreign language communication. In C. Færch and G. Kasper (Eds.), Strategies in interlanguage communication. Harlow, England: Longman: 20–60.
Graham ID, Logan J, Harrison MB, Straus SE, Tetroe J, Caswell W, et al. (2006). Lost in knowledge translation: time for a map?, Journal of continuing education in the health professions, 26(1): 13-24.
Gudykunst WB, Kim YY. (1997). Communicating with strangers: An approach to intercultural communication, New York: McGraw-Hill.
Hall ET. (1959). The Silent Language, New York: Doubleday.
Horwitz E. (1996). Even teachers get the blues: recognizing and alleviating language teacher’ feelings of foreign language anxiety. Foreign Language Annals 29(3): 365-372.
Horwitz E, Young D. (1991). Theory and Research to Classroom Implications. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Hurn BJ, Tomalin B. (2013). Cross-cultural communication: Theory and practice. N.P., Palgrave Macmillan.
Irwin H. (1996). Communicating with Asia: Understanding people and customs, N.P. Allen & Unwin.
Kachru B. (1981). Models for non-native Englishes. In Kachru B. (ed.), the other tongue: English across cultures. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Kachru BB. (1992). Models for non-native Englishes. The other tongue: English across cultures, University of Illinois Press, 2: 48-74.
Kachru BB. (1997). World Englishes and English-using communities. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 17: 66-87.
Kachru BB. (1998). English as an Asian language. Links and letters: 89-108.
Kachru B, Quirk R. (1981). Introduction, The pragmatics of nonnative varieties of English in Smith, L. E. (Ed.), English for cross culture communication, London: Macmillan.
Kilickaya F. (2009). World Englishes, English as an international language and applied linguistics. English Language Teaching, 2(3): 35.
Klopf DW. (1984). Cross-cultural apprehension research: A summary of Pacific basin studies. In Daly, J. A. & McCroskey, J. C. (Eds.). Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage: (pp. 146-157).
Leary MR, Kowalski RM. (1995). Social anxiety. New York: Guilford Press.
Matthews LC, Thakkar B. (2012). The impact of Globalization on cross-cultural communication, Intech, 13: 325-340.
Martin JN, Nakayama TK. (2013). Intercultural Communication in Contexts, Sixth edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
McCroskey JC. (1977). Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research. Human communication research, 4(1): 78-96.
McCroskey JC, Gudykunst WB, Nishida T. (1985). Communication apprehension among Japanese students in native and second language. Communication Research Reports, 2:11-15.
Melinte IE. (2012). Cultural transfer and the Cross-cultural impact of foreign languages, International Journal of Communication Research, 2(1): 58-63.
Mei A, Nathalang S. (2010). Use of communication strategies by Chinese EFL learners. Chinese. Journal of Applied Linguistics, 33(3): 110-125.
Miller K. (2005). Communication Theories: Perspectives, Processes, and Contexts. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education; 2 editions.
Movius L. (2010). ‘Cultural Globalisation and Challenges to Traditional Communication Theories’, PLATFORM: Journal of Media and Communication, 2(1): 6-18.
Mulder N. (1985). Everyday life in Thailand, N.P., Duang Kamol.
Najafbagy R. (2008). Problems of Effective Cross-cultural Communication and Conflict Resolution, Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics & Culture 2008, 15/16(4):146-150.
Nakatani Y. (2005). The Effects of Awareness-Raising Training on Oral Communication Strategy Use. The Modern Language Journal, 89(1): 76-91.
Neuliep JW. (2012). Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach, 5th edition, N.P., Sage publications, Inc.
Neulip JW, McCroskey JC. (1997). The development of intercultural and interethnic communication apprehension scales. Communication Research Report, 14(2): 145-156.
Oyserman D, Coon HM, Kemmelmeier M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological bulletin:128(1), 3.
Singer MR. (1987). Intercultural Communication: A Perceptual Approach, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Tarone E. (1977). Conscious communication strategies in interlanguage: A progress report. In Brown, H. D., Yorio, C. A. and Crymes, R. C. (Eds.), On TESOL’77: (pp.194-203). Washington: TESOL.
Tarone E. (1980). Communication strategies, foreigner talk, and repair in interlanguage. Language learning, 30(2): 417-428. N.P., n.p.
Tarone E. (1981). Some thoughts on the notion of communication strategy. TESOL quarterly, 15(3), 285-295.
Váradi T. (1980). Strategies of target language learner communication: Message adjustment. In Paper presented at the 6th Conference of the Romanian-English Linguistics Project, Timisoara. Published in IRAL, 18, 59-71.
Wang MM, Brislin R, Wang W, Williams, D, Chao JH. (2000). Turning bricks into jade: Critical incidents for mutual understanding among Chinese and Americans. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
Watzlawick P, Beavin Bavelas J, Jackson DD. (1967). Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interactional Patterns, Pathologies and Paradoxes. W.W. Norton &Company, New York, London, 51.
Williams R. Culture is ordinary (1958). Cultural theory: an anthology, 2011:53-59.
Wong C. (2009). Are native speaker “Good” language instructors? A case study of untrained ESL tutors. ARECLS, Vol.6:122-140.
Yuan CW, Setlock LD, Cosley D, Fussell SR. (2003). Understanding informal communication in multilingual contexts. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work: 909-922.
Zohrabi M. (2013). Mixed Method Research: Instruments, Validity, Reliability and Reporting Findings. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(2), 2013: 254-262.
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2019-07-01
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มนกลม ป. (2019). Exploring Communication Strategies in Cross-Cultural Interaction Between Native English Teachers and Thai EFL Teachers. Trends of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 4(1), 16–25. Retrieved from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/Humanties-up/article/view/200304
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