การเคลื่อนย้ายถิ่นฐานของแรงงานและบทบาทขององค์การแรงงานระหว่างประเทศ
คำสำคัญ:
องค์การแรงงานระหว่างประเทศ, การเคลื่อนย้ายถิ่นฐานของแรงงาน, แรงงานเคลื่อนย้ายถิ่นฐานบทคัดย่อ
บทความนี้อธิบายถึงใครรับผิดชอบปัญหาของการเคลื่อนย้ายถิ่นฐาน และกำหนดภารกิจอย่างไร องค์การแรงงานระหว่างประเทศจัดทำอนุสัญญาว่าด้วยการเคลื่อนย้ายถิ่นฐานเพื่อให้มีการจ้างงาน (ฉบับที่ 97) ปี ค.ศ. 1949 และอนุสัญญาว่าด้วยการเคลื่อนย้ายถิ่นฐานจากสภาพอันตราย การส่งเสริมโอกาสและปฏิบัติอย่างเท่าเทียมกัน (ฉบับที่ 143) ปี ค.ศ. 1975 แต่ไม่ประสบความสำเร็จในบทบาทของการจัดทำมาตรฐานแรงงานเพราะรัฐสมาชิกไม่ให้สัตยาบันอนุสัญญาสองฉบับนี้ ต่อมาในปี ค.ศ. 2002 องค์การแรงงานระหว่างประเทศริเริ่มให้มีการประชุมของคณะกรรมาธิการโลกว่าด้วยมิติทางสังคมของโลกาภิวัตน์เพื่อสร้างความเป็นธรรมให้แก่แรงงานเคลื่อนย้ายถิ่นฐานและส่งเสริมความร่วมมือแบบพหุภาคี โดยให้องค์การแรงงานระหว่างประเทศทำงานร่วมกับองค์การระหว่างประเทศเพื่อการเคลื่อนย้ายถิ่นฐานและสำนักงานข้าหลวงใหญ่ผู้ลี้ภัยแห่งสหประชาชาติ เนื่องจากผลกระทบของโลกาภิวัตน์สลับซับซ้อนเกินกว่าจะแก้ไขปัญหาได้โดยลำพัง
References
สำนักงานแรงงานระหว่างประเทศ. (2551). มาตรฐานแรงงานระหว่างประเทศว่าด้วยสิทธิแรงงานข้ามชาติ: แนวทางสำหรับผู้กำหนดนโยบายและผู้ปฏิบัติในเอเชียและแปซิฟิก. เจนีวา: องค์การแรงงานระหว่างประเทศ.
Alcock A. E. (1971). History of the International Labour Organisation. London: Macmillan.
Betts A. (2012). UNHCR, Autonomy, and Mandate Change. In Oestreich, JE. Editor. International Organization as Self-Directed Actor. Oxon: Routledge; p. 118-140.
Charnovitz S. (2000). The International Labour Organization in its Second Century. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law; 4(1): 147-184.
Cholewinski R. International Labour Law and the Protection of Migrant Workers: Revitalizing the Agenda in the Era of Globalization. In Craig, JD, Lynk, M. editor. Globalization and the Future of Labour Law. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2006. p. 409-444.
Elie J. (2010). The Historical Roots of Cooperation between the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Organization for Migration. Global Governance; 16(3): 345-360.
Freitas R. (2013). The Global Human Mobility Architecture. In Reinalda, B. editor. Routledge Handbook of International Organization. New York: Routledge. p. 473-485.
General Assembly. (2016). New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/57e4f6504.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017
Governing Body. (2015). Agenda of the International Labour Conference (2017-2019). Available from: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ed_norm/relconf/documents/meetingdocument /wcms_348401.pdf Accessed August 1, 2017.
Hein, J. (2008). Refugees. In Darity, Jr. WA. Editor. International Encyclopedia of the Social Science. New York: The Gale Group. p. 125-127.
Helfer, L. R. (2006). Understanding Change in International Organizations: Globalization and Innovation in the ILO. Vanderbilt Law Review; 59(3): 649-726.
ILO. (1949). Migration for Employment Convention (Revised) (No. 97). Available from: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/ normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEX PUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312242:NO Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1975). Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention (No. 143). Available from: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312288:NO Accessed February 2, 2017
ILO. (1949). Migration for Employment Recommendation (Revised) (No. 86). Available from: http://www.ilo. org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0:: NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312424 Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1975). Migrant Workers Recommendation (No. 151). Available from: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/ f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312489:NO Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1923). Offical Bulletin: Volume 1 April 1919 -1920. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/enlish/ bureau/leg/download/partxiii-treaty.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1928a). Migration Laws and Treaties: Emigration Laws and Regulations. Available from: from http://staging.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ ilo/ILO-SR/ILO-SR_03_engl_vol.1.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1928b). Migration Laws and Treaties: Immigration Laws and Regulations. Available from: from http://staging.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ ilo/ILO-SR/ILO-SR_03_engl_vol.2.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1929). Migration Laws and Treaties: International Treaties and Conventions. Available from: from http://staging.ilo.org/public/libdoc /ilo/ILO-SR/ILO-SR_03_engl_vol.3.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1951a). Plan for Establishment of I.L.O. Migration Administration. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/1951/51B09_107_engl.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1951b). Memorandum on I.L.O. Special Migration Programme. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/1951/51B09_45_engl.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1972). Employment, Incomes and Equality: A Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/ libdoc/ilo/ 1972/72B09_608_engl.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1976). Employment, Growth and Basic Needs: A One-World Problem. Available from: http://staging.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/1977/77B09_355_engl.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1999). Decent Work. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc87/rep-i.htm Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2004a). A Fair Globalization Creating Opportunities for All. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/ english/wcsdg/docs/report.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2004b). A Fair Globalization the Role of the ILO. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/ standards/relm/ilc/ilc92/pdf/adhoc.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2004c). Towards a Fair Deal for Migrant Workers in the Global Economy. Available from: http://www. ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc92/pdf/rep-vi.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2009). Tackling the global jobs crisis: recovery through decent work policies. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/P/09383/09383(2009-98)28.pdf Accessed June 1, 2017.
ILO. (2010a). Constitution of the International Labour Organization. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/ public/english/bureau/leg/download/constitution.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2010b). ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and Its Follow-Up. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/ wcms_467653.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2013). Towards the ILO centenary: realities, renewal and tripartite commitment. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument /wcms_213836.pdf Accessed June 1, 2017.
ILO. (2014). Fair Migration: Setting an ILO Agenda. Available from: http:// www. ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/relconf/documents/meetingdocument/ wcms_242879.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2016). The End to Poverty Initiative: The ILO and the 2030 Agenda. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/ wcmsp5/groups/public/-ed_norm/-relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_479681.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2017). Decent Work, The Key to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-dgreports/-dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_ 436923.pdf.p.20. Accessed February 2, 2017.
IOM. (2014). Constitution and Basic Texts of the Governing Bodies. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Available from: http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iomconstitution_en.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017
International Training Centre of the ILO. (2014). Guide to International Labour Standards. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---normes/documents/publication/wcms_246944.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017
Karatani R. How History Separated Refugee and Migrant Regimes: In Search of Their Institutional Origins. International Journal of Refugee Law. 2005; 17(3): 517-541.
Koser K. (2006). International Migration: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lahav G, Lavanex S. (2013). International Migration. In Carlsnaes, W, Risse, T, Simmons, BA. Editors, Handbook of International Relations. London: SAGE Publications Ltd; p. 746-774.
Loescher G. (2009). A Universal Mandate to Protect: The Challenges of Refugee Protection. Harvard International Review; 31(3): 44-48.
Maul D. (2012). Human Rights, Development and Decolonization: The International Labour Organization, 1940-1970. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Morse DA. (1986). The World Employment Programme. International Labour Review; 97(6): 517-524.
Morse DA. (1969).The Origin and Evolution of the I.L.O. and its Role in the World Community. New York: Cornell University.
Newland K. (2005). The Governance of International Migration: Mechanisms, Processes and Institutions. Available from: https://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/policy _and_research/gcim/tp/TS8b.pdf Accessed February 6, 2017
Rivera PA. (2006). International Migration. In Vaidya, Ak. editor. Globalization: Encyclopedia of Trade, Labor, and Politics. Oxford: ABC-CLIO;p. 153-164.
Rodgers J, Lee E, Swepston L, Van Daele J. (2009). The International Labour Organization and the Quest for Social Justice 1919-2009.
Roy C, Kaye M. (2002). The International Labour Organization: A Handbook for Minorities and Indigenous People, Minority Rights Group International and Anti-Slavery International.
Saenz R. Migration. In Darity, Jr WA. (Ed.), (2008). International Encyclopedia of the Social Science. New York: The Gale Group;p. 156-159.
Sinclair GT. (2017). To Reform the World: International Organization and the Making of Modern States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shelton D. Soft Law. (2009). In Armstrong D. editor. Routledge Handbook of International Law. Oxon: Routledge;p. 68-80.
Standing G. (2008). The ILO: An Agency for Globalization. Development and Change; 39(3): 355-384.
Taft DR. (1927). Immigration an International Problem. Social Forces; 6(2): 264-270.
The Preliminary Migration Conference. (1950). Migration and Economic Development. (Geneva, April-May 1950). International Labour Review; 62(2); 91-98.
United Nations. (2015). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Available from: http://www.un.org/en/ udhrbook/pdf/udhr_booklet_en_web.pdf Accessed February 5, 2017.
Van Daele J. (2008). The International Labour Organization in Past and Present Research. International Review of Social History; 53(3): 485-511.
Van Daele J. (2010). Writing ILO Histories: A state of the Art. In Van Daele, J, Garcia, MR, Goethem, GV, Linden, MVD. Editors. ILO Histories: Essays on the International Labour Organization and its impact on the world during the twentieth century. Bern: Peter Lang; p. 13-39.
Alcock A. E. (1971). History of the International Labour Organisation. London: Macmillan.
Betts A. (2012). UNHCR, Autonomy, and Mandate Change. In Oestreich, JE. Editor. International Organization as Self-Directed Actor. Oxon: Routledge; p. 118-140.
Charnovitz S. (2000). The International Labour Organization in its Second Century. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law; 4(1): 147-184.
Cholewinski R. International Labour Law and the Protection of Migrant Workers: Revitalizing the Agenda in the Era of Globalization. In Craig, JD, Lynk, M. editor. Globalization and the Future of Labour Law. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2006. p. 409-444.
Elie J. (2010). The Historical Roots of Cooperation between the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Organization for Migration. Global Governance; 16(3): 345-360.
Freitas R. (2013). The Global Human Mobility Architecture. In Reinalda, B. editor. Routledge Handbook of International Organization. New York: Routledge. p. 473-485.
General Assembly. (2016). New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants. Available from: http://www.unhcr.org/57e4f6504.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017
Governing Body. (2015). Agenda of the International Labour Conference (2017-2019). Available from: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ed_norm/relconf/documents/meetingdocument /wcms_348401.pdf Accessed August 1, 2017.
Hein, J. (2008). Refugees. In Darity, Jr. WA. Editor. International Encyclopedia of the Social Science. New York: The Gale Group. p. 125-127.
Helfer, L. R. (2006). Understanding Change in International Organizations: Globalization and Innovation in the ILO. Vanderbilt Law Review; 59(3): 649-726.
ILO. (1949). Migration for Employment Convention (Revised) (No. 97). Available from: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/ normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEX PUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312242:NO Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1975). Migrant Workers (Supplementary Provisions) Convention (No. 143). Available from: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312288:NO Accessed February 2, 2017
ILO. (1949). Migration for Employment Recommendation (Revised) (No. 86). Available from: http://www.ilo. org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0:: NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312424 Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1975). Migrant Workers Recommendation (No. 151). Available from: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/ f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312489:NO Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1923). Offical Bulletin: Volume 1 April 1919 -1920. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/enlish/ bureau/leg/download/partxiii-treaty.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1928a). Migration Laws and Treaties: Emigration Laws and Regulations. Available from: from http://staging.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ ilo/ILO-SR/ILO-SR_03_engl_vol.1.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1928b). Migration Laws and Treaties: Immigration Laws and Regulations. Available from: from http://staging.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ ilo/ILO-SR/ILO-SR_03_engl_vol.2.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1929). Migration Laws and Treaties: International Treaties and Conventions. Available from: from http://staging.ilo.org/public/libdoc /ilo/ILO-SR/ILO-SR_03_engl_vol.3.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1951a). Plan for Establishment of I.L.O. Migration Administration. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/1951/51B09_107_engl.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1951b). Memorandum on I.L.O. Special Migration Programme. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/1951/51B09_45_engl.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1972). Employment, Incomes and Equality: A Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/ libdoc/ilo/ 1972/72B09_608_engl.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1976). Employment, Growth and Basic Needs: A One-World Problem. Available from: http://staging.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/1977/77B09_355_engl.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (1999). Decent Work. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc87/rep-i.htm Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2004a). A Fair Globalization Creating Opportunities for All. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/ english/wcsdg/docs/report.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2004b). A Fair Globalization the Role of the ILO. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/ standards/relm/ilc/ilc92/pdf/adhoc.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2004c). Towards a Fair Deal for Migrant Workers in the Global Economy. Available from: http://www. ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/ilc/ilc92/pdf/rep-vi.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2009). Tackling the global jobs crisis: recovery through decent work policies. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/P/09383/09383(2009-98)28.pdf Accessed June 1, 2017.
ILO. (2010a). Constitution of the International Labour Organization. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/ public/english/bureau/leg/download/constitution.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2010b). ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and Its Follow-Up. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/ wcms_467653.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2013). Towards the ILO centenary: realities, renewal and tripartite commitment. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/--ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument /wcms_213836.pdf Accessed June 1, 2017.
ILO. (2014). Fair Migration: Setting an ILO Agenda. Available from: http:// www. ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/relconf/documents/meetingdocument/ wcms_242879.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2016). The End to Poverty Initiative: The ILO and the 2030 Agenda. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/ wcmsp5/groups/public/-ed_norm/-relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_479681.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017.
ILO. (2017). Decent Work, The Key to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/-dgreports/-dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_ 436923.pdf.p.20. Accessed February 2, 2017.
IOM. (2014). Constitution and Basic Texts of the Governing Bodies. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Available from: http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iomconstitution_en.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017
International Training Centre of the ILO. (2014). Guide to International Labour Standards. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---normes/documents/publication/wcms_246944.pdf Accessed February 2, 2017
Karatani R. How History Separated Refugee and Migrant Regimes: In Search of Their Institutional Origins. International Journal of Refugee Law. 2005; 17(3): 517-541.
Koser K. (2006). International Migration: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Lahav G, Lavanex S. (2013). International Migration. In Carlsnaes, W, Risse, T, Simmons, BA. Editors, Handbook of International Relations. London: SAGE Publications Ltd; p. 746-774.
Loescher G. (2009). A Universal Mandate to Protect: The Challenges of Refugee Protection. Harvard International Review; 31(3): 44-48.
Maul D. (2012). Human Rights, Development and Decolonization: The International Labour Organization, 1940-1970. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Morse DA. (1986). The World Employment Programme. International Labour Review; 97(6): 517-524.
Morse DA. (1969).The Origin and Evolution of the I.L.O. and its Role in the World Community. New York: Cornell University.
Newland K. (2005). The Governance of International Migration: Mechanisms, Processes and Institutions. Available from: https://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/policy _and_research/gcim/tp/TS8b.pdf Accessed February 6, 2017
Rivera PA. (2006). International Migration. In Vaidya, Ak. editor. Globalization: Encyclopedia of Trade, Labor, and Politics. Oxford: ABC-CLIO;p. 153-164.
Rodgers J, Lee E, Swepston L, Van Daele J. (2009). The International Labour Organization and the Quest for Social Justice 1919-2009.
Roy C, Kaye M. (2002). The International Labour Organization: A Handbook for Minorities and Indigenous People, Minority Rights Group International and Anti-Slavery International.
Saenz R. Migration. In Darity, Jr WA. (Ed.), (2008). International Encyclopedia of the Social Science. New York: The Gale Group;p. 156-159.
Sinclair GT. (2017). To Reform the World: International Organization and the Making of Modern States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Shelton D. Soft Law. (2009). In Armstrong D. editor. Routledge Handbook of International Law. Oxon: Routledge;p. 68-80.
Standing G. (2008). The ILO: An Agency for Globalization. Development and Change; 39(3): 355-384.
Taft DR. (1927). Immigration an International Problem. Social Forces; 6(2): 264-270.
The Preliminary Migration Conference. (1950). Migration and Economic Development. (Geneva, April-May 1950). International Labour Review; 62(2); 91-98.
United Nations. (2015). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Available from: http://www.un.org/en/ udhrbook/pdf/udhr_booklet_en_web.pdf Accessed February 5, 2017.
Van Daele J. (2008). The International Labour Organization in Past and Present Research. International Review of Social History; 53(3): 485-511.
Van Daele J. (2010). Writing ILO Histories: A state of the Art. In Van Daele, J, Garcia, MR, Goethem, GV, Linden, MVD. Editors. ILO Histories: Essays on the International Labour Organization and its impact on the world during the twentieth century. Bern: Peter Lang; p. 13-39.
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2019-06-24
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ธีระโกศลพงศ์ ก. (2019). การเคลื่อนย้ายถิ่นฐานของแรงงานและบทบาทขององค์การแรงงานระหว่างประเทศ. Trends of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 5(2), 59–80. สืบค้น จาก https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/Humanties-up/article/view/197060
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