The effect of FonFs explicit pragmatic instruction on EFL learners’ L2 pragmatic development: Requesting
Keywords:
Interlanguage pragmatic, FonFs explicit pragmatic instruction, RequestingAbstract
Nowadays, apart from developing the four skills in English language instruction, researchers in language realms have also been interested in the development of second language pragmatics (L2 pragmatics) or interlanguage pragmatics (ILP). Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effects of FonFs explicit pragmatic instruction on the development of Thai EFL learners’ Interlanguage Pragmatics (ILP) in the speech act of requesting. Research instruments included six role-play situations, the multiple-choice grammar test, and an attitude questionnaire. The participants of the study were ten Business English major students in
a university. The statistics used in this study consisted of a Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test, as well as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The results revealed that FonFs explicit pragmatic instruction could improve EFL learners’L2 pragmatics. In addition, the participants had positive attitudes towards FonFs explicit pragmatic instruction. The suggestion from the results of the study recommends that teaching interlanguage pragmatics should include both related grammatical features and pragmatic features.
References
Alcón-Soler, E. (2005). Does instruction work for learning pragmatics in the EFL context?. System, 33(3), 417–435.
Aufa, F. (2011). Explicit pragmatic instruction in teaching English as a foreign language. Journal of English and Education, 5(1), 37-44.
Austin, J. (1962). How to do things with words?. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barraja-Rohan, A.M. (2011). Using conversation analysis in the second language classroom to teach interactional competence. Language Teaching Research, 15, 479-507.
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Blum-Kulka, S. and Olshtain, E. (1984). Requests and apologies: A cross-cultural study of speech act realization
patterns (CCSARP). Applied Linguistic, 5(3), 196-213.
Celik, B. (2016). Comparing the Effectiveness of Form-Focused and Meaning-Focused Instructions in EFL
Teaching. Journal of Education in Black Sea Region, 1(1), 5-15.
Cenoz, J. and Valencia, J. F. (1996). Cross-cultural communication and interlanguage pragmatics: American
vs. European requests. In L.F Bouton (Ed.). Pragmatic and Language Learning. USA: University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Chiravate, B. (2011). Perception of politeness in English requests by Thai EFL learners. 3L: The Southeast
Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 17(2), 59-71.
Doughty, C. and Williams, J. (1998). Pedagogical choices in focus on form. In C. Doughty & J. Williams (Eds.).
Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ellis, R. (2001). Introduction: Investigating form-focused instruction. Language Learning, 51(Supplement 1),
-46.
Ellis, R., Basturkmen, H., and Loewen, S. (2002). Doing focus on form. System, 30, 419-432.
Eslami-Rasekh, A., and Mardani, M. (2010). Investigating the effects of teaching apology speech act, with a focus
on intensifying strategies, on pragmatic development of EFL learners: The Iranian context.
The International Journal of Language Society and Culture, 30, 96-103.
Farrokhi, F. and Talabari, F.A. (2011). Focus on form instruction in EFL: Implications for theory and practice. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning, 53(222), 29-47.
Fukushima, S. (2003). Requests and culture: Politeness in British English and Japanese (3rd printing).Bern:
Peter Lang.
Fukuya, Y. and Clark, M. (2001). A comparison of input enhancement and explicit instruction of mitigators.
In L. Bouton (Ed.). Pragmatics and language learning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign.
Fukuya, Y.J. and Zhang, Y. (2002). Effects of recasts on EFL learners’ acquisition of pragmalinguistics conventions
of request. Second Language Studies, 21(1), 1-47.
Ghraibeh. S. G, Mirzaee, M. and Yaghoubi-Notash, M. (2016). The role of instruction in the development of
EFL learners’ pragmatic competence. The Asian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 3(2), 173-184.
Gholamia, J. and Aghaib, H.K. (2012). The impact of explicit and implicit instruction on Iranian EFL learners'
production and recognition of language function.
Han, X. (2013). A contrastive study of Chinese and British English request strategies based on open role-play.
Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 4(5), 1098-1105.
Halenko, N. (2016). Evaluating the explicit pragmatic instruction of requests and apologies in a study
abroad setting: the case of Chinese ESL learners at a UK Higher Education Institution. Ph.D.
Dissertation, Department of Linguistics and English Language Lancaster University, the UK.
Hassall, T. J. (2001). Modifying requests in a second language. International Review of Applied Linguistics,
, 259-283.
Hassall, T. J. (1997). Requests by Australian learners of Indonesian. Canberra: Australian National University.
House, J. (1996). Developing pragmatic fluency in English as a foreign language. Studies in second language
acquisition, 18, 225-252.
Irshad, A. and Bukhari, N.H. (2020). Investigating the effect of explicit instruction on the development of
pragmatic competence of Pakistani learners of English. Kashmir Journal of Languager Research,
(1), 217-236.
Kogetsidis, M. E. (2008). Examining the pragmatic competence of Greek Cypriot learners of English in oral
requests–A comparison with American native speakers. Proceedings of the BAAL Annual Conference,
, 33-36.
Kondo, S. (2008). Effects on pragmatic development through awareness-raising instruction: Refusals by
Japanese EFL learners. In E. Alcón and A. Martínez-Flor (Eds.). Investigating pragmatics in foreign
language learning, teaching and testing. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Li, S. (2013). The role of instruction in developing pragmatic competence in L2 Chinese: A review of empirical
evidences. Languages and Cultures Faculty Publications. Retrieved August 31, 2020,
From http://www.scholarworks.gsu. edu/mcl facpub/38
Liu, C.N. (2007). Pragmatics in foreign language instruction: The effects of pedagogical intervention
and technology on the development of EFL learners’ realization of request. Ph.D. Dissertation,
Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University, U.S.A.
Long, M. H. (1991). Focus on form: A design feature in language teaching methodology. In de Bot, R.Ginsberg &
C. Kramsch (Eds.). Foreign Language Research in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Martinez-Flor , A. and Alcon, E. (2007). Developing pragmatic awareness of suggestions in the EFL classroom:
A focus on instructional effects. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 10(1), 47-76.
Martinez-Flor, A. and Fukuya, Y. J. (2005). The effect of instruction on learners’ production of appropriate
and accurate suggestions. System, 33, 463-480.
Mirzaei, A. and Esmaeili, M. (2013). The effects of planned instruction on Iranian L2 learners' interlanguage
pragmatic development. Iranian Journal of Society, Culture & Language, 1(1), 89-100.
Mohammed, M. 2012. Teachability of pragmatic competence: The impact of explicit instruction on
the development of Iraqi Freshman EFL learners’ pragmatic competence. Basrah University.
Nguyen, T. T. M., Pham T.H. and Pham, M. T. (2012). The relative effects of explicit and implicit form-focused
instruction on the development of L2 pragmatic competence. Journal of Pragmatics, 44(4), 416-434.
Pearson, L. (2006). Patterns of development in Spanish L2 pragmatic acquisition: An analysis of novice learners’
production of directives. The Modern Language Journal, 90, 473-495.
Rajabia, S., Azizifara, A. and Gowhary, H. (2015). The effect of explicit instruction on pragmatic competence
development; teaching requests to EFL learners of English. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,
, 231-239.
Rose, K.R. (2005). On the effects of instruction in second language pragmatics. System, 33, 385-399.
Rose, K. R. and Ng, C. K. (2001). Inductive and deductive teaching of compliments and compliment responses.
In K.R Rose & G. Kasper (Eds.). Pragmatics in Language Teaching. New York: Cambridge University
Press.
Rosenshine, B. (1987). Explicit teaching and teacher training. Journal of Teacher Education, 38(3), 34-36.
Safont-Jorda, M. (2004). An analysis of EAP learners' pragmatic production: A focus on request forms.
Iberica, 8, 23-39.
Schmidt, R. (1993). Consciousness, learning and interlanguage pragmatics. In G. Kasper & S. Blum-Kulka (Eds.).
New York: Oxford University Press.
Schmidt, R. (1995). Consciousness and foreign language learning: A tutorial on the role of attention and
awareness in learning. In R. Schmidt (Ed.). Attention and awareness in foreign language learning. (pp. 1-63). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center.
Searle, J. (1976). A Classification of illocutionary acts. Language in Society, 5, 1-23.
Silva, A. (2003). The effect of instruction on pragmatic development: Teaching polite refusal in English.
Second Language Studies, 22(1), 55-106.
Spada, N. and Lightbown, P.M. (2008). Form-focused instruction: Isolated or integrated. TESOL Quarterly,
, 181-207.
Svanes, B. (1992). Development of realisation patterns of the speech act “asking someone to do something”
by foreign students during three years in Norway. Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskift [Norwegian Linguistics
Journal], 10, 3-38.
Taguchi, N. (2011a). Teaching pragmatics: Trends and issues. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 31, 289-310.
Takahashi, S. (2010). The effect of pragmatic instruction on speech act performance. In A. Martínez-Flor &
E. Use-Juan. (Eds.). Speech Act Performance: Theoretical, Empirical and Methodological Issues.
(pp. 127-144.). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Takahashi, S. (2001). The role of input enhancement in developing pragmatic competence. In K.R. Rose &
G. Kasper (Eds.). Pragmatics in Language Teaching. (pp.171-199). New York: Cambridge University
Press.
Takahashi, S., and DuFon, M. (1989). Cross-linguistic influence in indirectness: The case of English directives
performed by native Japanese speakers. Unpublished manuscript, Department of English as
a Second Language, University of Hawaii at Manoa. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.
ED 370 439).
Takimoto, M. (2006a). The effects of explicit feedback and form-meaning processing on the development
of pragmatic proficiency in consciousness-raising tasks. System, 34, 601-614.
Takimoto, M. (2006b). The effects of explicit feedback on the development of pragmatic proficiency.
Language Teaching Research, 10, 393-417.
Takimoto, M. (2008). The effects of various kinds of form-focused instruction on learners’ ability to
comprehend and produce polite requests in English. TESL Canada Journal, 26(1), 31-51.
Takimoto, M. (2009). The effects of input-based tasks on the development of learners’ pragmatic
proficiency. Applied Linguistics, 30, 1-25.
Tateyama, Y. (2009). Requesting in Japanese: The effect of instruction on JFL Learners’ pragmatic competence.”
In Taguchi, N. (Ed.). Pragmatic Competence. (pp.29-166). Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.
Tateyama, Y., Kasper, G., Lara P. Mui, H.M.T. and Ong-on, T. (1997). Explicit and implicit teaching of pragmatic
routines. In Bouton, L.(Ed.). Pragmatics and Language Learning, Monograph. (pp. 163-178).
Urbana-Champaign, IL: University of Illinois.
Trosborg, A. (1995). Interlanguage Pragmatics. Requests, Complaints and Apologies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Van Compernolle, R. A. and Williams, L. (2012a). Promoting sociolinguistic competence in the classroom
zone of proximal development. Language Teaching Research, 16, 39-60.
Van Compernolle, R.A. and Williams, L. (2012b). Teaching, learning, and developing L2 French sociolinguistic
competence: A sociocultural perspective. Applied Linguistics, 33, 184-205.
Vellenga, H. (2008). Instructional effectiveness and interlanguage pragmatics. USA: Northern Arizona University.
Wei, R. (2012). Pragmatic development in Chinese speakers’ L2 English refusals. In L. Roberts et al. (Eds.).
EUROSLA Yearbook, 12. (pp. 44-58). [n.p.]: John Benjamins Publishing.
Wishnoff, J. R. (2000). Hedging your bets: L2 learners’ acquisition of pragmatic devices in L2 academic writing
and computer-mediated discourse. Second Language Studies, 19(1), 119–148.
Xiao-le, G. (2011). The effect of explicit and implicit instructions of request strategies. Intercultural
Communication Studies, XX(1), 104-123.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Roi Et Rajabhat University
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
บทความที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์เป็นลิขสิทธิ์ของวารสารมหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฎร้อยเอ็ด
ข้อความที่ปรากฏในบทความแต่ละเรื่องในวารสารวิชาการเล่มนี้เป็นความคิดเห็นส่วนตัวของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับมหาวิทยาลัยราชภัฎร้อยเอ็ด และคณาจารย์ท่านอื่นๆในมหาวิทยาลัยฯ แต่อย่างใด ความรับผิดชอบองค์ประกอบทั้งหมดของบทความแต่ละเรื่องเป็นของผู้เขียนแต่ละท่าน หากมีความผิดพลาดใดๆ ผู้เขียนแต่ละท่านจะรับผิดชอบบทความของตนเองแต่ผู้เดียว