Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome Among Older Adults in the Outpatient Department
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Metabolic syndrome is an increasing public health issue among older adults. However, studies in Thailand are limited. This research aims to investigate the prevalence, associated factors, and assess the waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for this condition in older adults.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on adults aged 60 years and older attending outpatient services at Phramongkutklao Hospital between November 2023 and October 2024. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed with descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.
Results: The study participants were 330 individuals with an average age of 66.76 years. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was found to be 42.73%. Associated factors included age ≥ 80 years (OR 3.29, p = 0.043), body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m² (OR 4.73, p < 0.001), and a preference for high-fat foods (OR 1.74, p = 0.038). The Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR) for screening metabolic syndrome has an area under the ROC Curve (AUC) of 0.82, with a cut-off point of 0.54 (sensitivity 0.84, specificity 0.66).
Conclusions: Nearly half of older adults have metabolic syndrome, and the waist-to-height ratio can be used as an effective screening tool. Health behavior modifications should be recommended, such as reducing the intake of high-fat foods and maintaining a healthy weight.
Keywords: metabolic syndrome, older adults, prevalence, associated factors, waist-to-height ratio
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The content and information in articles published in the PCFM journal are solely the opinions and responsibilities of the authors. The journal's editorial board does not necessarily agree with or share any responsibility for them.
All articles, information, content, images, etc., published in the PCFM journal are the copyright of the PCFM journal. If any individual or organization wishes to reproduce, distribute, or use any part or the entirety of the content, they must obtain written permission from the PCFM journal beforehand.
References
วิชัย เอกพลากร. สถานะสุขภาพ; ภาวะเมแทบอลิกซินโดรม. ใน: วิชัย เอกพลากร, บรรณาธิการ. การสำรวจสุขภาพประชาชนไทยโดยการตรวจร่างกายครั้งที่ 6 พ.ศ. 2562-2563. กรุงเทพ: อักษรกราฟฟิคแอนด์ดีไซน์; 2564. หน้า 213-5.
Galassi A, Reynolds K, He J. Metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2006;119:812-9.
Ford ES. Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: a summary of evidence. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1769-78.
Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adult: finding from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2002;287:356.
วิชัย เอกพลากร. ระบาดวิทยาของภาวะอ้วนและอ้วนลงพุงในประเทศไทย. ใน: วรรณี นิธิยานันท์, บรรณาธิการ. อ้วนและอ้วนลงพุง. กรุงเทพ: สุขุมวิทมีเดีย มาร์เก็ตติ้ง; 2554. หน้า 9-15.
พัฒน์ศรี ศรีสุวรรณ. การดูแลผู้สูงอายุแบบครอบคลุม. ใน: พัฒน์ศรี ศรีสุวรรณ, อุษา ตันติแพทยางกูร, ดุสิต จันทยานนท์, และบุญเติม แสงดิษฐ, บรรณาธิการ. ตำราเวชศาสตร์ครอบครัว. กรุงเทพมหานครฯ: วิทยาลัยแพทยศาสตร์พระมงกุฎเกล้า; 2564. หน้า 76.
Chung JY, Kang HT, Lee DC, Lee HR, Lee YJ. Body composition and its association with cardiometabolic risk factor in the elderly: a focus on sarcopenic obesity. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2013;56:270-8. doi : 10.1016/j.archger.2012.09.007
Kawamoto R, Kikuchi A, Akase T, Ninomiya D, Kumagi T. Usefulness of waist-to-height ratio in screening incident metabolic syndrome among Japanese community-dwelling elderly individuals. PLoS One. 2019;14(4):e0216069. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216069.
Kapil U, Khandelwal R, Ramakrishnan L, Khenduja P, Gupta A, Sareen N, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors among geriatric population living in a high-altitude region of rural Uttarakhand, India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2018;7:709-16. doi : 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_261_17
Alberti K, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome a joint Interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120:1640-5.
Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Chou MY, Iijima K, et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21:300-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012.
Ju SY, Lee JY, Kim DH. Association of metabolic syndrome and its components with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the elderly: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Medicine. 2017;96(45):e8491. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008491
Ge H, Yang Z, Li X, Liu D, Li Y, Pan Y, et al. The prevalence and associated factors of metabolic syndrome in Chinese aging population. Sci Rep. 2020;10:20034. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77184-x
Denys K, Cankurtaran M, Janssens W, Petrovic M. Metabolic syndrome in the elderly: an overview of the evidence. Acta Clin Belg. 2009;64:23-34. doi: 10.1179/acb.2009.006. PMID: 19317238
Bonomini F, Rodella LF, Rezzani R. Metabolic syndrome, aging and involvement of oxidative stress. Aging Dis. 2015;10;6:109-20.
Hildrum B, Mykletun A, Hole T, Midthjell K, Dahl AA. Age-specific prevalence of the metabolic syndrome defined by the International Diabetes Federation and the National Cholesterol Education Program: the Norwegian HUNT 2 study. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:220. PubMed PMID: 17727697
Lelia S, Serban C, Pacurari A, Mozos I, Radu L, Dascau C, Romosan I. Incidence and characteristics of metabolic syndrome in elderly patients. Journal of Hypertension. 2010;28: p e579. doi: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000379974.68144.a3
Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, Heshka S, Carnethon MR, Heymsfield SB. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:427. PubMed PMID: 12588201
Naik JL, Reddy KSN, Reddy BKC, Basha DA. Prevalence and risk factors for metabolic syndrome in urban elderly: a community study from Tirupati, Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health. 2017;3:2106-111.
วรรณี นิธิยานันท์. ปัญหาสุขภาพจากอ้วนและอ้วนลงพุง. ใน: วรรณี นิธิยานันท์, บรรณาธิการ. อ้วนและอ้วนลงพุง. กรุงเทพ: สุขุมวิทมีเดีย มาร์เก็ตติ้ง; 2554. หน้า 30-44.
Tang C, Wang YX, Xu ZU, Chen D, Xu JG, Yang D, et al. The relationships between high-fat diet and metabolic syndrome: potential mechanisms. Food Bioscience. 2024;59:104261.
Panchal SK, Poudyal H, Iyer A, Nazer R, Alam A, Diwan V, et al. High-carbohydrate high-fat diet–induced metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular remodeling in rats. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2011;57:51-64.
Therakomen V, Petchlorlian A, Lakananurak N. Prevalence and risk factors of primary sarcopenia in community-dwelling outpatient elderly: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2020;10:19551. PubMed PMID: 33177536
Chan V, Cao L, Wong MMH, Lo K, Tam W. Diagnostic accuracy of waist-to-height ratio, waist circumference, and body mass index in identifying metabolic syndrome and its components in older adults: a systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Curr Dev Nutr. 2023;8(1):102061. PubMed PMID: 38230348
Alves LF, Cruz JO, da Costa Souza AL, de Oliveira CC. Performance of adiposity indicators in predicting metabolic syndrome in older adults. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2021;65:588-95.
