Democratic Consolidation in Indonesia: Actors, Political Institutions and Civil-Military Relations
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This research paper examines the process of democratic consolidation in Indonesia by focusing on the factors or conditions leading to such a process. It also investigates the roles and interactions between different actors in the process and examines civilians who now control the military, and how it affects democracy in Indonesia. This study was mainly conducted through documentary research. The results of the study showed that the factors contributing to democratic consolidation in Indonesia are: 1. Law reform and constitutional amendment of the 1945 Constitution; 2. Military reform; 3. The role of civil society. In conclusion, Indonesia has passed the definition of democratic consolidation at the very least. Hence, Indonesia will never return to an authoritarian dictatorship in the future.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
วิทยา สุจริตธนารักษ์. (2542). การพัฒนาเศรษฐกิจและการเมืองอินโดนีเซีย. โครงการจัดพิมพ์คบไฟ.
Abootalebi, A. R. (2000). Islam and democracy: State-soceity relation in developing countries 1980-1994. Garland.
Abdulbaki, L. (2008). Democratisation in Indonesia: From transition to consolidation. Asian Journal of Political Science, 16(2), 151-172.
Aminuddin, M. F. (2016). Electoral system and party dimension assessment in democratic Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, 20(1), 1-15.
Ananta, A., Arifin, Evi N. A., & Suryadinata, L. (2005). Emerging democracy in Indonesia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Aspinall, E., & Sukmajati, M. (Eds.). (2016). Electoral dynamics in Indonesia: Money politics, patronage and clientelism at the grassroots. NUS Press.
Bourchier, D. (2000). Habibie’s interregnum: Reformasi, elections, regionalism and the struggle for power. In C. Manning & Van P. Diermen (Eds.), Indonesia in transition: Social aspects of reformasi and crisis (pp. 15-38). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Bünte, M., & Ufen, A. (2009). The new order and its legacy: Reflections on democratization in Indonesia. In M. Bünte & A. Ufen (Eds.), Democratization in post-suharto Indonesia (pp. 3-29). Routledge.
Dagg, C. J. (2007). The 2004 elections in Indonesia: Political reform and democratisation. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 48(1), 47-59.
Diamond, L. (2003). Can the whole world become democratic? democracy, development, and international policies, Paper (No 03-05), Center for the Study of Democracy, University of California, Irvine.
Eddyono, L. W. (2018). The constitutional court and consolidation of democracy in Indonesia. Jurnal Konstitusi, 15(1), 1-26.
Elson, R. E. (2009). Another look at the Jakarta charter controversy 1945. Indonesia, 88, 105-130.
Feith, H. (2006). The decline of constitutional democracy in Indonesia. Equinox Publishing.
Gungwu, W. (2009). Introduction. In T. Abdullah (Ed.). Indonesia: Towards democracy (pp. xiii-xxi). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Harijanti, S. D., & Lindsey, T. (2006). Indonesia: General elections test the amended constitution and the new constitutional court. International Journal of Constitutional Law, 4, 138-150.
Heryanto, A. (2014). Identity and pleasure: The politics of Indonesian screen culture. NUS Press.
Hill, D. T. (2005). The internet in Indonesia’s new democracy. Routledge.
Hill, D. T., & Sen, K. (2011). Politics and the media in twenty-first century Indonesia: decade of democracy. Routledge.
Huntington, S., & Nelson, J. M. (1976). No easy ChoiceL political participation in developing countries. Harvard University Press.
Indrayana, D. (2008). Indonesian constitutional reform 1999-2002: An evaluation of constitution-making in transition. KOMPAS Book Publishing.
Indonesia: Freedom in the World 2022. (2022). Freedom house. https://freedomhouse.org/country/indonesia/freedom-world/2022
King, D. Y. (2003). Half-hearted reform: Electoral institutions and the struggle for democracy in Indonesia. Praeger.
Kusmayati, A. (1994). Democracy in Indonesia [Master’s Thesis]. Naval Postgraduate School.
Liddle, R. W., & Mujani, S. (2006). Indonesia in 2005: A new multiparty presidential democracy. Asian Survey, 46(1), 132-139.
Lindsey, T. (2002). Indonesian constitutional reform: Muddling towards democracy. Singapore Journal of International & Comparative Law, 6, 244-301.
Linz, J., & Stepan, A. (1996). Toward consolidated democracies. Journal of Democracy, 7(2), 14-33.
Lipset, S. M. (1994). The social requisites of democracy revisited. American Sociological Review, 59(1), 1-22.
Mietzner, M. (2009). Indonesia’s 2009 elections: Populism, dynasties and the consolidation of the party system. Lowy Institute for International Policy.
Mietzner, M. (2013). Money, power, and ideology: Political parties in post-authoritarian Indonesia. NUS Press.
Mietzner, M. (2014, April 27). Jokowi: Rise of a polite populist. Inside Indonesia. https://www.insideindonesia.org/editions/elections-2014/jokowi-rise-of-a-polite-populist
Mujani, S., Liddle, R., William, R. L., & Ambardi, K. (2012). Kuasa rakyat: Analisis tentang perilaku memilih dalam pemilihan legislatif dan presiden Indonesia pasca-orde baru [People power: An analysis of voting behaviour in legislative and presidential elections in post-new order Indonesia’s legislative and presidential elections]. Mizan.
National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. (1999). The 1999 presidential election and post-election developments in Indonesia: A post-election assessment report. https://www.ndi.org/node/21592
National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. (2000). Indonesia’s road to constitutional reform: The 2000 MPR annual session. https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/1077_id_constireform_5.pdf
National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. (2001). Indonesia’s change of president and prospects for constitutional reform. https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/1319_id_presconstref102001_5.pdf
National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. (2002). The fundamental changes that nobody noticed: The MPR annual session, November 2001. https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/1378_id_gov_112002_5.pdf
National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. (2004). Advancing democracy in Indonesia: The second democratic legislative elections since the transition. https://www.ndi.org/sites/default/files/1728_id_legelections_063004_5.pdf
Nyman, M. (2006). Democratising Indonesia: The Challenges of Civil Society in the Era of Reformasi. NIAS Press.
Ricklefts, M. C. (2001.) A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1200 (3rd ed.). Palgrave.
Robinson, R. (2009). Indonesia: The rise of capital. Equinox Publishing.
Stott, D. A. (2019). Indonesia’s 2019 elections: Democracy consolidated?. The Asia-Pacific Journal, 17(6), 1-19.
Suryadinata, L. (2002). Elections and politics in Indonesia. ISEAS.
Ufen, A. (2008). Political party and party system institutionalization in Southeast Asia: Lessons for democratic consolidation in Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand. The Pacific Review, 21(3), 327-350.
Webber, D. (2006). A consolidated patrimonial democracy? democratization in post-Suharto Indonesia. Democratization, 13(3), 396-420.
Winata, L., & Mastuti, P. S. (2017). NASAKOM sebagai ideologi negara tahun 1959-1965. Avatara, 5(3), 728-737.