Representation of Confucianism’ Li in “Beijing Quadrangle”

Abstract

This academic article discusses how "Siheyuan" – also known as the Beijing Quadrangle–symbolizes the significance of "li," the Chinese tradition system that aligns with Confucian philosophy. It is an important mechanism for organizing a hierarchical society with varying statuses, genders, and ages so that the residents can live harmoniously and balance under the same roof by planning a house called Siheyuan. The concept of "li" is reflected in the Siheyuan architecture through the plan of houses arranged in a
hierarchical pattern concerning the residents' different statuses, roles, duties, genders, and ages. The arrangement of the internal space of the residences, including size, form, position, and direction, indicates and organizes their residents in positions consistent with the residents' roles and responsibilities defined by Chinese social relations. The highest rank of the establishment is the main house, which serves as an ancestor worshipping place and a
residence of male homeowners; whereas, sons lived in the eastern and western side houses. As for daughters, they lived in the smaller house
located in the most inner area. The servants lived in the inverted house in the outer area, where they had the lowest living conditions. The
arrangement of the buildings within Siheyuan reflects a stratified society in which men had power over women, elders had more power than their
subordinates, and masters had power over their servants. The important status of each person in the family is not only reflected in the layout of the Siheyuan houses but also in other elements such as the roof style, the size and height of the buildings and rooms, and their decorations. Compliance with patterns corresponding to the different residences' statuses brings
harmony in society and family with a class system under the patriarchal concept of feudalism, the foundation that has fostered stability for Chinese society and culture up to the present.