From "Look East Policy" to "Act East Policy" and Northeast of India: Gateway to ASEAN
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Abstract
The objectives of this paper are: 1) to study India’s change of policy from a “Look East Policy” to an “Act East Policy”; 2) to review the “Look East Policy” and in particular, determine its impact on Northeast India; and 3) to study how the government of India implements this policy in the development of the northeastern region including assess development and connectivity between Northeast India and ASEAN. This study is based on the Look East to Act East policies framework. The result of the study found that “The Look East Policy” was implemented by the government of India in 1991 to enhance economic, security and political relations with Southeast Asia. Moreover, in 1997, development policy for Northeast India was combined within the “Look East Policy” to serve as a gateway to the east and ASEAN. The policy has had both positive and negative impacts on Northeast India. The government under Prime Minister Narendra Modi changed its “Look East Policy” to “Act East Policy” to provide a stimulus for proactive implementation of policies supporting its development ambitions throughout the country, most notably, completion of the Trilateral highway linking India-Myanmar-Thailand, and the Kaladan Project which will see major road and water links between Northeast India and Rakhine state in Myanmar.
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Royal Thai Embassy, New Delhi, Republic of India. ...
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Sarma, Amiya & Sarma, Bhupen Kumar. (2008). India’s Look East Policy: Economic Possibilities for the Northeast. In Charles Reuben Lyngdoh & Merostar Rani (Eds.), Look East Policy: Impact on Northeast India. New Delhi: Akansha Publishing House.
Sidwell, Paul & Roger Blench. (2011). The Austroasiatic Urheimat: The Southeastern Riverine Hypothesis. In N. J. Enfield (Ed.), Dynamics of Human Diversity (pp.317-345). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Singh, Thingnam Kishan. (2009). India’s Look East Policy: Origins and Conceptualization. In Thingnam Kishan Singh(Ed.),Look East Policy & India’s Northeast: Polemics and Perspectives. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
Sundararaman, S. (2014). Modi in Myanmar: From ‘Look East’ to ‘Act East’. Retrieved from http://www.ipcs.org/article/india-the-world/modi-inmyanmar-from-look-east-to-act-east-4742.html
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TNT News. (2015). Modi announces six Northeastern cities as ‘Smart Cities’. The Northeastern Today. Retrieved from http://thenortheasttoday.com/sixnortheastern-town-and-cities-as-smart-cities/
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BBIN’. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBIN.
Burling, R. (1999). On “Kamareepan”. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area Vol.22.2-Fall 1999, 169-171.
Burling, R. (2003). The Tibeto-Burman languages of Northeast India. In G. Thurgood and R. Lapolla (Eds.). Sino-Tibetan Languages pp.169-191. London: Routhledge.
Daimari, P. (2013). India’s Post-LEP International Trade structure with ASEAN countries through North Eastern Region. In D. Phukan (Ed.), Look East Policy and North East India. New Delhi: SSDN Publishers & Distributors.
Htwe, Chan Mya. (2015). Border trade tops $2.4 billion: Official. Retrieved from www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/16294-border-trade-tops-2-4-billion-official.html
Ians. (2015). Six ‘solar cities’ to be developed in northeast India. Retrieved from http://www.bgr.in/news/six-solar-cities-to-be-developed-in-northeast-india/
India’s Act East Policy balancing China in the region:Thinktank India has begun to implement the 'Act East Policy' to bolster its ties with the region. (2015). The Indian Express.Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/indias-act-east-policy- balancing-china-in-the-region-thinktank/
Indrakumar, K. (2009). Mapping India’s Look East Policy: Shifting alignments. In Thingnam Kishan Singh (Ed.), Look East Policy & India’s Northeast: Polemics and Perspectives. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
Jahanvi. (2015). Earlier Golden Quadrilateral and Now, Bharat Mala! Road from Gujarat to Mizoram. Retrieved from http://topyaps.com/bharat-malagujarat-to-mizoram
Kashyap, Samudra Gupta & Halliday, A. (2016). Massive push to railway infrastructure under way in Northeast: The Railways hopes to reach all state capitals in the Northeast by March 2020. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-new-northeast-expresses/
Kashyap, Samudra Gupta. (2015). Towards the Govt-Naga peace accord: Everything you need to know. The Indian Express. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-towards-accordstep-by-step/
Lewis, C. (2015). IBC Hosts Three-day Seminar on Buddhist Heritage in Northeast India. Retrieved from https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/ibc-hosts-three-day-seminar-on-buddhist-heritage-in-northeast-india
List of prime ministerial trips made by NarendraModi. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Narendra_Modi
Maini, Tridivesh Singh. (2015). Modi and India’s “Act East” Policy. Can India “Make It” in Southeast Asia?. Retrieved from http://www.theglobalist.com/modiand-india-act-east-policy/
Mazumdar, Sayantani Sen. (n.d.). The North-East Steering India's Look-East Policy. Retrieved from www.globalindiafoundation.org/look%20east%20new.pdf
Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, Government of India. Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project. (2014). Retrieved from http://mdoner.gov.in/content/introduction-1
Modi announces six Northeastern cities as ‘Smart Cities’. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://thenortheasttoday.com/six-northeastern-town-and-cities-as-smartcities/
Naga People. (n.d.).Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_people
NEFIT. (2016). Northeast Federation on International Trade. Retrieved from http://www.nefitindia.com/about.html
Niumai, A. (2009). Development and Discontent Meet in the North East: Perspective on India’s Look East Policy. In Thingnam Kishan Singh (Ed.), Look East Policy and India’s North East Polemics and Perspectives. New Delhi: Concept of Publishing Company.
Northeast India. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_India
Nye, Joseph S. (2004). Soft Power. New York: Public Affairs.
Phukon, Girin. (2009). Tai of Northeast India and their Cultural Linkage with Southeast Asia. Lecture delivered at Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University on August 4th 2009.
PMINDIA. (2015). Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicle Agreement. Retrieved from http://pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/bangladesh-bhutan-india-and-nepal-bbin-motor-vehicle-agreement/
PTI. (2014). Indo-China border trade through Nathula rises to Rs 16.04 crore. Retrieved from http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-02/news/ 56649299_1_border-trade-indo-china-Sikkim
PTI. (2015). Indo-China trade through Lipulekh worth Rs 4.36 crore. Retrieved from http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-02/news/67953736_1_indian-traders-indo-china-trade-border-trade
PTI. (2015). Made in India' making big splash in Chinese border town. Retrieved from http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-06-22/news/63708750_1_nathu-la-border-trade-border-town
Rahman, Mohammad Masudur. (2014). Developing Economic Corridor Trade Potential and Economic Cooperation between Bangladesh and Northeast India. In Prabir De & Kavita Iyengar (Eds.), Developing Economic Corridors in South Asia. Asian Development Bank.
Rajendram, Danielle. (2014). India’s new Asia-Pacific strategy: Modi Act East. Retrieved from http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2014/12/18/Indiasnew-Asia-Pacific-strategy-Act-East.aspx
Roy, Esha. (2015). From Manipur to Myanmar by bus, with Thailand waiting to be next stop. Retrieved from http://indianexpress.com/ article/india/indianews-india/manipur-to-myanmar-by-bus-with-thailand-waiting-to-be-nextstop
Royal Thai Embassy, New Delhi, Republic of India. ...
Saikia, Sunil Kumar. (2013). India’s Look East Policy: Opportunities and Challenges for North-Eastern Region. Look East Policy and North East India. New Delhi: SSDN Publishers & Distributors.
Sarma, Amiya & Sarma, Bhupen Kumar. (2008). India’s Look East Policy: Economic Possibilities for the Northeast. In Charles Reuben Lyngdoh & Merostar Rani (Eds.), Look East Policy: Impact on Northeast India. New Delhi: Akansha Publishing House.
Sidwell, Paul & Roger Blench. (2011). The Austroasiatic Urheimat: The Southeastern Riverine Hypothesis. In N. J. Enfield (Ed.), Dynamics of Human Diversity (pp.317-345). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Singh, Thingnam Kishan. (2009). India’s Look East Policy: Origins and Conceptualization. In Thingnam Kishan Singh(Ed.),Look East Policy & India’s Northeast: Polemics and Perspectives. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.
Sundararaman, S. (2014). Modi in Myanmar: From ‘Look East’ to ‘Act East’. Retrieved from http://www.ipcs.org/article/india-the-world/modi-inmyanmar-from-look-east-to-act-east-4742.html
Tangkilisan, A. (2013). ASEAN-India Free Trade Area Part II: Indonesia, Vietnam & Myanmar. Retrieved from http://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/2013/02/20/asean-indiafree-trade-area-part-ii-indonesia-vietnam-myanmar.html
Thurgood, Graham & LaPolla, Randy J. (2003). The Sino-Tibetan Languages. London and New York: Routledge.
TNN. (2015). Six NE state capitals make Smart City cut. The Times of India. Retrieved from http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Six-NEstate-capitals-make-Smart-City-cut/articleshow/48701932.cms
TNT News. (2015). Modi announces six Northeastern cities as ‘Smart Cities’. The Northeastern Today. Retrieved from http://thenortheasttoday.com/sixnortheastern-town-and-cities-as-smart-cities/
Wadhwa, Anil. (2015). PM Narendra Modi to Visit Malaysia, Singapore from November 21. Retrieved from http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pmnarendra-modi-to-visit-malaysia-singapore-from-november-21-1244960