Designing Empowering Incentive Pay Components for Generation Y University Professors in Thailand
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to develop incentive components that motivate Generation Y university professors in public universities in Thailand, using a mixed-method approach starting with an exploratory sequential design. The qualitative phase involves conducting in-depth interviews with 36 Generation Y professors from various Thai universities using Grounded Theory to identify variables. These insights inform subsequent quantitative research, where a questionnaire based on the qualitative findings is administered to 307 Generation Y professors from different Thai universities. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is then employed to analyze factor loadings and relationships between variables, resulting in the development of a viable model.
The findings reveal that Generation Y lecturers highly value various incentives such as teaching incentives, research funds, grants for producing and publishing academic works, self-development funds, freedom in working, and flexible working hours. Quantitative results from the study indicate a questionnaire response rate of 76.75% (307 out of 400). The structural model, evaluated through CFA, confirms causal relationships between research constructs. Goodness of fit indices, including a χ2/df ratio of 1.92, GFI of 0.95, AGFI of 0.90, RMR of 0.01, RMSEA of 0.05, CFI of 0.98, and NFI of 0.96, demonstrate strong compatibility between the proposed model and observed data, affirming its validity and applicability.
This study contributes to the field of higher education management by providing a nuanced understanding of the motivational incentives preferred by Generation Y professors in Thai public universities. The insights gained offer practical implications for university administrators aiming to enhance faculty motivation and retention.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
All published articles are SJMS’s copyright. The editorial board allows all published articles to be copied, excerpted, or disseminated with academic citation.
References
Attanit, R. (2010). Compensation management. Bangkok: HR Center.
Behrstock, E., & Clifford, M. (2007). Leading gen Y teachers: emerging strategies for school leaders. Washington, DC: National Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality.
Bohlander, G. W., & Snell, S. (2004). Managing human resources, South-Western: Thomson.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equation with latent variable. New York: John Wiley.
Chakrabortty, A., & Weale, S. (2016). Universities accused of importing sports direct model for lecturers pay, the Guardian. Retrieved February 02, 2023, from https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/nov/16/universities-accused-of-importing-sports-direct-model-for-lecturers-pay
Cottrell, P. (2019). If universities cut lecturers' pensions, they should brace themselves for more strikes, the Guardian, Retrieved April 20, 2023, from https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/apr/25/if-universities-cut-lecturers-pensions-they-should-brace-themselves-for-more-strikes
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). London: SAGE.
Dessler, G. (2009). A framework for human resource management. London: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Glaser, G. B., & Holton, J. (2004). Remodeling grounded theory. Qualitative Social Research, Art 4.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate (7th ed.). New York: Pearson.
Hood, C. (2011). Generational differences in academic faculty: Implications for higher education management. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 33(3), 287-297.
Howell Smith, M. C., Babchuk, W. A., Stevens, J., Garrett, A. L., Wang, S. C., & Guetterman, T. C. (2020). Modeling the Use of Mixed Methods–Grounded Theory: Developing Scales for a New Measurement Model. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 14(2), 184–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689819872599
Jongklang, K., & Lertwannawit, A. (2020). Organizational commitment and work performance among university lecturers in Thailand: The role of compensation and recognition. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 41(2), 225-232.
Joo, B. K., & Park, S. (2010). The effects of perceived organizational support and job satisfaction on turnover intention: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(6), 756-777.
Jorgensen, B. (2003). Baby Boomers, Generation X and Generation Y? Foresight, 5(4), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.1108/14636680310494753
Joungtrakul, J. (2010). Qualitative Research: Knowledge Creation Tools for National Development. Bangkok: Business Law Center International.
Khunmi, K. (2011). Strategic compensation management. Promoting and developing academic documents project, National.
Lamantia, F., & Pezzino, M. (2016). Evolutionary efficacy of a pay for performance scheme with motivated agents. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 125, 107-119.
Martocchio, J. J. (2015). Strategic compensation a human resource management approach (8th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education.
Milkovich, M., Newman, J., & Gerhart, B. (2014). Compensation (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mokoena, S. (2012). Recruiting and retaining Generation Y teachers: emerging strategies for school administrators. International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education, 3(1), 687-691.
Mondy, W. R. (2011). Human resource management (12th ed.). London: Pearson Higher Education.
Newman, J. M., Gerhart, B., & Milkovich, G.T. (2017). Compensation (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Office of the Public Sector Development Commission. (2014). Strategy for the year 2008-2012: Strategic Issues 3 Incentive System: Annual Incentive Pay. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from http://www.opdc.go.th/special.php?content_id=267&spc_id=4
Patton, M. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Beverly Hills, California: Sage.
Pokawin, J. (2017). The resignation of lecturers in public universities in Northeastern Thailand. Journal of Politics and Governance, 7(1), 265–281.
Potipiroon, W., & Suwannasin, S. (2023). Career Bridge Employment Intentions Among Academic Staff in Higher Education Institutions in Thailand: Understanding the Interactive Effect of Bridge Employment Practices and Work Passion. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10672-023-09471-4
Raksakul, S., & Ma, J. (2018). Managing faculty motivation and retention in Thai higher education institutions: The role of compensation and work environment. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 17(3), 229-245.
Sánchez, J. I., & Brock, J. K. (2012). Understanding the impact of career development on the job satisfaction of university faculty members. Journal of Career Assessment, 20(4), 590-607.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R.G. (2015). A beginner's guide to Structural Equation Modeling (4th ed.). New York: Routledge.
Song, G., Xiao, B., & Wang, S. (2022). Scientific Research Conformity of University Teachers: Role of Incentives and Internal Attribution. Brain Sci, 12(10), 1302. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12101302
Springer, M. G., & Taylor, L. L. (2016). Designing incentives for public school teachers: evidence from a Texas incentive pay program. Journal of Education Finance, 4(3), 344-381.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basic of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd ed.). California: SAGE.
Suwannasin, S., & Potipiroon, W. (2024). The Influence of Work Passion on Career Bridge Employment Intentions among Public University Lecturers: Examining the Moderating Role of Generational Differences. Human Resource and Organization Development Journal, 16(1), 30-55.
The Comptroller General's Department, Office of Legal Standards and Finance Regulations. (n.d.). Law and regulations on administrative expenses. Retrieved February 22, 2023, from http://www.oic.go.th/FILEWEB/CABINFOCENTER18/DRAWER090/GENERAL/DATA0000/00000270.PDF
Weale, S. (2016). UK university lecturers strike over pay, the Guardian. Retrieved December 11, 2023, from https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/may/25/uk-university-lecturers-strike-over-pay
Weale, S. (2022). UK university staff plan 10 more days of strikes in pay and pensions rows, the Guardian. Retrieved May 30, 2023, from https://www.theguardian.com/education/2022/jan/27/uk-university-staff-plan-10-more-days-of-strikes-in-pay-and-pensions-rows
Wikipedia. (2022). 2018–2022 UK higher education strikes. Retrieved February 02, 2023, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%932022_UK_higher_education_strikes#cite_note-Bethan_Staton_2019-4
Zemke, R. (2000). Generations at work: Management the clash of veterans, Boomers, Xers, and Nesters in your workplace, New York: AMACOM.