Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Mala Khamchan’s Novels

Abstract

This article aimed to study traditional ecological knowledge in Mala Khamchan's novels by analyzing 13 novels. The key concepts employed in this study encompassed ecocriticism, traditional ecological knowledge, and animal studies. The results revealed that Mala Khamchan's novels contain traditional ecological knowledge reflecting the holistic worldview of the Lanna people towards the world and nature. The study identified three main points. Firstly, traditional ecological knowledge encompasses geography, forests, and the relationship between humans and animals. Secondly, it is intertwined with the Lanna way of life, encompassing knowledge about humans, rice, soil, water, and forests. Lastly, traditional ecological knowledge and nature conservation mirror the Lanna people's perspective, as they place a high value on nature even in a capitalist context. In conclusion, this article highlights the Lanna people's reverence for nature and emphasizes that humans are an integral part of the ecosystem, intricately dependent on the natural world.an importance to nature and human are the part of the ecosystem that depended on nature.