Motivation-Based Segmentation and Online Behaviors of Tourists Participating in Community-Based Tourism: A Case Study of Thailand
Keywords:
Motivation-based segmentation, Community-based tourism, Online behavior, Tourism marketingAbstract
The primary purpose of this study is to classify domestic tourists visiting community-based tourism destinations in Thailand according to their travel motivation. This study employed quantitative research as a main research method to achieve the purpose. An online self-administered survey was conducted on 384 tourists and the primary data was analyzed using the cluster analysis method. The study found three tourists’ clusters include ‘learning tourists,’ ‘leisure tourists,’ and ‘want-it-all tourists.’ These clusters were distinct from each other regarding travel motivation, socio-demographic profile, and online behavior. This knowledge contributed notable implications for academics and practitioners, allowing them to understand the differences among the tourists and to develop more appropriate marketing strategies for community-based tourism destinations and each segment. In addition, there are significant differences among the three clusters in terms of age and gender; hence, segmenting CBT tourists using age and gender should be researched in the future.
References
Almeida, A. M. M., Correia, A., & Pimpão, A. (2014). Segmentation by benefits sought: The case of rural tourism in Madeira. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(9), 813-831.
Amaro, S., Duarte, P., & Henriques, C. (2016). Travelers’ use of social media: A clustering approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 59, 1-15.
Asker, S., Boronyak, L., Carrard, N., & Paddon, M. (2010). Effective community based tourism: A best practice manual. Retrieved February 21, 2022, from https://www.apec.org/Publications/2010/06/EffectiveCommunity-Based-Tourism-A-Best-Practice-ManualJune-2010
Ayeh, J., Leung, D., Au, N., & Law, R. (2012). Perceptions and strategies of hospitality and tourism practitioners on social media: An exploratory study. In Information and communication technologies in tourism 2012 (1-12).
Bhatiasevi, V., & Yoopetch, C. (2015). The determinants of intention to use electronic booking among young users in Thailand. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 23, 1-11.
Boonratana, R. (2011). Sustaining and marketing communitybased tourism: Some observations and lessons learned from Thailand. ABAC Journal, 31(2), 48-61.
Boontasorn, N., Mana, S., & Poltecha, B. (2014). The development of community marketing and promote tourism for community business enterprise for sustainable tourism of Hunka district, Chainat province. Chandrakasem Rsjabhat University Journal, 20(39), 39-48.
Cai, L. A., & Li, M. (2009). Distance-segmented rural tourists. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 26(8), 751-761.
Cai, L. A., Liu, J., & Huang, Z. (2008). Identifying rural tourism markets: A practical tool. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 17(3-4), 418-434.
CBT, I. (2013). Innovating CBT in ASEAN: Current directions and new horizons. Bangkok: Wanida Karnpim Limited Partnership. Chaffey, D., & Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2016). Digital marketing (6th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
Chamnanpon, K., Boonkoum, W., & Sungragsa, N. (2016). A development model of tourism market network management in the small and micro community enterprise in Thailand to prepare for ASEAN Economic Community. Ratchaphruek Journal, 14(3), 80-86.
Charoensit, J., & Emphandhu, D. D. (2018). Analyzing research gap on community-based tourism in Thailand. Damrong Journal of The Faculty of Archaeology Silpakorn University, 17(1), 175-204.
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Cook, R. A., Hsu, C. H. C., & Taylor, L. L. (2018). Tourism: The business of hospitality and tourism (6th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
Dodds, R., Ali, A., & Galaski, K. (2018). Mobilizing knowledge: Determining key elements for success and pitfalls in developing community-based tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(13), 1547-1568.
Dolezal, C. (2015). The tourism encounter in community-based tourism in Northern Thailand: Empty meeting ground or space for change?. Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 8(2), 165-186.
Dong, E., Wang, Y., Morais, D., & Brooks, D. (2013). Segmenting the rural tourism market: The case of Potter County, Pennsylivania, USA. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 19(2), 181-193.
Edgell, D. L. (2016). Managing sustainable tourism (2rd ed.). New York: Routledge.
Eklund, P., Thom, J., Wray, T., & Dou, E. (2013). Location based context-aware services in a digital ecosystem with location privacy. In Cases on Emerging Information Technology Research and Applications (151-175).
Pennsylvania: IGI Global. Eusébio, C., Carneiro, M. J., Kastenholz, E., Figueiredo, E., & Soares Da Silva, D. (2017). Who is consuming the countryside? An activity-based segmentation analysis of the domestic rural tourism market in Portugal. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 31, 197-210.
Giampiccoli, A., & Saayman, M. (2016). Community-based tourism: From a local to a global push. Acta Commercii, 16(1), 1-10.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Hampshire: Cengage.
Ho, C. I., Lin, M. H., & Chen, H. M. (2012). Web users’ behavioural patterns of tourism information search: From online to offline. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1468-1482.
Horner, S., & Swarbrooke, J. (2016). Consumer behaviour in tourism (3rd). New York: Routledge.
Jaisamrarn, A., & Thongdee, N. (2018). Developing marketing machanism of sustainable community-based tourism cluster in Nakhon Ratchasima province. Area Based Development Research Journal, 10(5), 422-439.
Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20(1), 141-151.
Kampangsirichai, J., & Saiyasopon, S. (2019). Strategic management for community-based tourism in Nong Song Hong Subdistrict Municipality, Khon Kaen province. Governace Journal, 8(1), 119-139.
Kastenholz, E., Eusébio, C., & Carneiro, M. J. (2018). Segmenting the rural tourist market by sustainable travel behaviour: Insights from village visitors in Portugal. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 10, 132-142.
Kontogeorgopoulos, N., Churyen, A., & Duangsaeng, V. (2014). Success factors in community-based tourism in Thailand: The role of luck, external support, and local leadership. Tourism Planning & Development, 11(1), 106-124.
Kotler, P., & Keller, K. (2016). Marketing management (15th ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Kuo, R. J., Akbaria, K., & Subroto, B. (2012). Application of particle swarm optimization and perceptual map to tourist market segmentation. Expert Systems With Applications, 39(10), 8726-8735.
Kutschera, S. (2018). Travel trends that will drive the tourism industry in 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2022, from https://www.trekksoft.com/en/blog/9-travel-trendsthat-will-drive-the-tourism-industry-in-2019
Lane, B., & Kastenholz, E. (2015). Rural tourism: The evolution of practice and research approaches - towards a new generation concept? In B. Lane & E. Kastenholz (Eds.), Rural tourism: New concepts, new research, new practice (1-24). New York: Routledge.
Laudon, K. C., & Traver, C. G. (2016). E-commerce 2016 business technology society (12th ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Martins, C., Salazar, A., & Inversini, A. (2015). The internet impact on travel purchase: Insight from portugal. Tourism Analysis, 20, 251-258.
McDonald, M., & Dunbar, I. (2010). Market Segmentation (4rd). Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers Limited.
Naka, T., Promsuwon, S., Wongmontha, S., & Thanapattarakul, T. (2017). Marketing communication strategy for promoting tourism in the upper southern region. Journal of MCU Peace Study, 5(3), 290-304.
No, E., & Kim, J. K. (2015). Comparing the attributes of online tourism information sources. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 564-575.
Oh, J. Y. J., & Schuett, M. A. (2010). Exploring expenditurebased segmentation for rural tourism: Overnight stay visitors versus excursionists to fee-fishing sites. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(1), 31-50.
Park, D. B., & Yoon, Y.-S. (2009). Segmentation by motivation in rural tourism: A Korean case study. Tourism Management, 30(1), 99-108.
Pesonen, J. A. (2012). Segmentation of rural tourists: Combining push and pull motivations. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 18(1), 69-82.
Pesonen, J. A. (2015). Targeting rural tourists in the internet: Comparing travel motivation and activity-based segments. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 32(3), 211-226.
Pesonen, J. A., & Tuohino, A. (2017). Activity-based market segmentation of rural well-being tourists. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 23(2), 145-158.
Pike, S. (2016). Destination Marketing Essentials (2rd ed.). Devon: Routledge.
Polo Peña, A. I. a. u. e., Frías Jamilena, D. M., Rodríguez Molina, M. Á., & Rey Pino, J. M. (2016). Online marketing strategy and market segmentation in the Spanish rural accommodation sector. Journal of Travel Research, 55(3), 362-379.
Preoţiuc-Pietro, D., & Cohn, T. (2013). Mining user behaviours: a study of check-in patterns in location based social networks. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 5th Annual ACM Web Science Conference.
Rid, W., Ezeuduji, I. O., & Pröbstl-Haider, U. (2014). Segmentation by motivation for rural tourism activities in the Gambia. Tourism Management, 40, 102-116.
Robinson, P., & Murray, A. (2017). Rural enterprise business development in the developed world. In A. Oriade & P. Robinson (Eds.), Rural tourism and enterprise: Management, marketing and sustainability (1-18).
Massachusetts: CABI. Shabada, L. (2018). 10 Travel Trends For 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2022, from https://www.intrepidtravel.com/travel-trends-2018/
Stone, L. S., & Stone, T. M. (2011). Community-based tourism enterprises: Challenges and prospects for community participation; Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(1), 97-114.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7rd ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.
Think with Google. (2014). The 2014 traveler’s : road to decision. Retrieved February 21, 2022, from https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/consumer-insights/2014-travelers-road-to-decision/
Thuncharoean, S. (2017). Community-based tourism management and sustainable tourism development of Bangkantaek community in Samutsongkram province. Journal of Internation and Thai Tourism, 13(2), 1-24.
Tsephe, N. P., & Obono, S. E. (2013). A theoretical framework for rural tourism motivation factors. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 7, 273-278.
Wang, Y., & Pizam, A. (2011). Destination marketing and management: Theories and applications. Preston: CAB International.
Wiltshier, P. (2017). Community engagement and rural tourism enterprise. In A. Oriade & P. Robinson (Eds.), Rural tourism and enterprise: Management, marketing and sustainability (pp. 53-67). Massachusetts: CABI.
World Tourism Organization. (2020). UNWTO Briefing Note-Tourism and COVID-19, Issue 1-How are countries supporting tourism recovery?. Retrieved February 21, 2022, from https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284421893
Wu, C. H., Ho, G. T. S., Lam, C. H. Y., Ip, W. H., Choy, K. L., & Tse, Y. K. (2016). An online niche-market tour identification system for the travel and tourism industry. Internet Research, 26(1), 167-185.
Xie, H., Costa, C. A., & Morais, D. B. (2008). Gender differences in rural tourists' motivation and activity participation. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 16(4), 368-384.
Yoo, C. K., Yoon, D., & Park, E. (2018). Tourist motivation: An integral approach to destination choices. Tourism Review, 73(2), 169-185.
Yun, D., Hennessy, S. M., & Courtney, S. A. (2016). Motivations and preferred activities of tourists to rural destinations: A comparative analysis of rural and urban residents. Paper presented at the Travel and tourism research association: advancing tourism research globally.
Zielinski, S., Jeong, Y., Kim, S.-I., & B Milanés, C. (2020). Why community-based tourism and rural tourism in developing and developed nations are treated differently? A review. Sustainability, 12(15), 5938.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.