Multidimensional Factors Associated With Stunting Among Indonesian Children Aged 0–24 Months: Evidence From the 2024 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey
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Abstract
Stunting remains a major public health challenge in Indonesia, with a national prevalence of 19.8% among children under five according to the 2024 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SSGI). This study examined factors associated with stunting among children aged 0–24 months using nationally representative SSGI 2024 data. This cross-sectional secondary analysis included 82,647 children after data cleaning and eligibility screening. Survey-adjusted multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Male children had higher odds of stunting than female children (AOR = 1.44, 95% CI [1.39, 1.50], p < .001). Higher odds were also observed among children who did not receive early initiation of breastfeeding (AOR = 1.16, 95% CI [1.11, 1.21], p < .001), whose mothers received inadequate antenatal care (AOR = 1.34, 95% CI [1.21, 1.48], p < .001), and who lived in households with unimproved drinking water (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI [1.04, 1.15], p < .001), paternal cigarette smoke exposure (AOR = 1.10, 95% CI [1.03, 1.18], p = .001), or unimproved sanitation (AOR = 1.15, 95% CI [1.07, 1.23], p = .001). Regional disparities were also evident. The model showed adequate fit, moderate discrimination (AUC = 0.73), and no problematic multicollinearity. Overall, stunting was associated with multiple biological, household environmental, health service, and regional factors, providing nationally representative evidence to inform risk-based and context-specific prevention strategies during the first 1,000 days of life.
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