Advancing Financial Inclusion for Persons With Disabilities in Indonesia: Evidence From Yogyakarta Special Region

Main Article Content

Muhammad Anif Afandi
Romi Hartarto
Fendy Satria Wicaksono
Faizmal Sugiarto
R Fadhil Muhammad Ginanjar

Abstract

This study analyses the factors that support or hinder financial inclusion for persons with disabilities (PWD), using the Yogyakarta Special Region as a case study. This study uses a qualitative approach, with semi-structured interviews grounded in the framework of facilitators and barriers, to explore financial inclusion for PWD in the Yogyakarta Special Region. Snowball sampling was used to recruit four informants, comprising two people who were blind or partially sighted and two people with physical disabilities. Data collection involved interviews with informants, banking representatives, and disability experts. Facilitators include cooperatives offering door-to-door services, accessible banking facilities such as ramps and trained staff, and digital innovations like mobile banking, which reduce physical barriers. However, barriers persist, including stigma, misperceptions, and inadequate physical and digital infrastructure. Many banks lack accessible ATMs or audio-guided mobile platforms, hindering the usability of services for blind and partially sighted people. Additionally, distance to branches and insufficient accommodations exacerbate exclusion. To address these challenges, the study proposes strategies such as strengthening disability-focused financial literacy, expanding accessible banking infrastructure, and fostering collaboration between banks and cooperatives. Indicators of financial inclusion for PWD—account ownership, credit access, digital banking usage, and customer satisfaction—are highlighted as tools for assessing progress and identifying areas for improvement.

Article Details

How to Cite
Afandi, M. A., Hartarto, R., Wicaksono, F. S., Sugiarto, F., & Ginanjar, R. F. M. (2025). Advancing Financial Inclusion for Persons With Disabilities in Indonesia: Evidence From Yogyakarta Special Region. Journal of Population and Social Studies [JPSS], 34(-), 755–775. retrieved from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jpss/article/view/284803
Section
Research Articles
Author Biography

Romi Hartarto, Department of Economics, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Corresponding author

References

• Allen, F., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., & Martínez Pería, M. S. (2016). The foundations of financial inclusion: Understanding ownership and use of formal accounts. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 27, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2015.12.003

• Angwenyi, V., Muuo, S. W., Virendrakumar, B., Okello, G., Kibet, H., Nduta, S., Gichohi, K., Ndoria, M., & Jolley, E. (2023, July). Financial inclusion for persons with disabilities in Kenya: A rapid review and qualitative study. Sightsavers. https://research.sightsavers.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Sightsavers-research-centre-financial-inclusion-for-persons-with-disabilities-in-kenya-final-report-july-2023.pdf

• Audemard, J. (2020). Objectifying contextual effects: The use of snowball sampling in political sociology. Bulletin of Sociological Methodology / Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique, 145(1), 30–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/0759106319888703

• Banks, L. M., Pinilla-Roncancio, M., Walsham, M., Van Minh, H., Neupane, S., Mai, V. Q., Neupane, S., Blanchet, K., & Kuper, H. (2021). Does disability increase the risk of poverty ‘in all its forms’? Comparing monetary and multidimensional poverty in Vietnam and Nepal. Oxford Development Studies, 49(4), 386–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2021.1985988

• Barajas, A., Ben Naceur, S., Beck, T., & Belhaj, M. (2020). Financial inclusion: What have we learned so far? What do we have to learn? (IMF Working Paper 2020/157). International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513553009.001

• Barnes, C., & Mercer, G. (1997). Breaking the mould? An introduction to doing disability research. In C. Barnes & G. Mercer (Eds.), Doing disability research (pp. 1–14). The Disability Press.

• BPS-Statistics Indonesia. (2024, December 31). Potret penyandang disabilitas di Indonesia: Hasil long form sensus penduduk 2020 [Portrait of persons with disabilities in Indonesia: Long form population census 2020 results]. https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2024/12/20/43880dc0f8be5ab92199f8b9/potret-penyandang-disabilitas-di-indonesia--hasil-long-form-sensus-penduduk-2020.html

• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806

• Cicchiello, A. F., Kazemikhasragh, A., Monferrá, S., & Girón, A. (2021). Financial inclusion and development in the least developed countries in Asia and Africa. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 10(1), Article 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-021-00190-4

• Cui, J. (2023). The impacts of stigma on people with disabilities: A systematic review. BCP Social Sciences & Humanities, 21, 108–113. https://doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v21i.3433

• Demirgüç-Kunt, A. (2015). The Global Findex Database 2014: Measuring financial inclusion around the world (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7255). World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-7255

• Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., & Singer, D. (2017). Financial inclusion and inclusive growth: A review of recent empirical evidence (Policy Research Working Paper No. 8040). World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8040

• DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101

• Dinas Sosial DIY. (2024). Grafik Series Data DIY Tahun 2021 s/d 2025 [Graph series data of the Yogyakarta Special Region, 2021–2025]. Pemerintah Daerah Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. https://bapperida.jogjaprov.go.id/dataku/data_dasar/chart/62

• Fusch, P., Fusch, G. E., & Ness, L. R. (2018). Denzin’s paradigm shift: Revisiting triangulation in qualitative research. Journal of Social Change, 10(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.5590/JOSC.2018.10.1.02

• Goswami, S., Chouhan, V., & Saraswat, P. (2025). FinTech adoption: driving financial inclusion at the bottom of the pyramid. Future Business Journal, 11(1), Article 150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-025-00570-2

• Goundar, S., & Sathye, M. (2023). Exploring access to financial services by visually impaired people. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 16(2), Article 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16020096

• Hartarto, R. B., Mudiparwanto, W. A., Wardani, D. T. K., & Wibowo, W. T. (2024). Identifying facilitators and barriers toward the implementation of public private partnership at municipal level: A case study of Yogyakarta. International Journal of Services, Economics and Management, 15(4), 343–355. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSEM.2024.139642

• Hartarto, R. B., & Wibowo, W. T. (2022). Conditional cash transfer and early marriage: A case study of Mataram City, West Nusa Tenggara. International Journal of Development Issues, 22(1), 57–71. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-08-2022-0171

• Hennink, M., & Kaiser, B. N. (2022). Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Social Science & Medicine, 292, Article 114523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523

• Imandojemu, K., Akinlosotu, N. T., & Odigie, J. N. (2018). Financial inclusion and people living with disabilities (PLWDs) in Nigeria: A disaggregated analysis. Bullion, 42(4), Article 6. https://dc.cbn.gov.ng/bullion/vol42/iss4/6

• International Finance Corporation. (2023, September 21). Inclusive employment: Advancing economic opportunities at the base of the pyramid. https://www.ifc.org/en/insights-reports/2023/inclusive-employment-advancing-economic-opportunities-at-the-base-of-the-pyramid

• Izzah, D. U., & Atmojo, M. E. (2025). The Yogyakarta City Government’s policy in realising an inclusive city for people with disabilities. Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan: Kajian Ilmu Pemerintahan dan Politik Daerah, 10(1), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.24905/jip.10.1.2025.75-89

• Jiya, A. N., Opoku, M. P., Nketsia, W., Dogbe, J. A., & Adusei, J. N. (2022). Achieving financial inclusion for persons with disabilities: Exploring preparedness and accessibility of financial services for persons with disabilities in Malawi. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 33(2), 92–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/10442073211027533

• Kementerian PPN/Bappenas. (2021). Kajian disabilitas: Tinjauan peningkatan akses dan taraf hidup penyandang disabilitas Indonesia: Aspek sosioekonomi dan yuridis [Disability study: A review of improving access and living standards of persons with disabilities in Indonesia: Socioeconomic and juridical aspects]. https://perpustakaan.bappenas.go.id/e-library/dokumen-bappenas/a577f1af-2d75-45a8-9e6f-1d0a20967b2c

• Kementerian Sosial Republik Indonesia. (2020). Kemensos dorong aksesibilitas informasi ramah penyandang disabilitas [The Ministry of Social Affairs promotes disability-friendly information accessibility]. https://kemensos.go.id/kemensos-dorong-aksesibilitas-informasi-ramah-penyandang-disabilitas

• Koistinen, M. H., Lord, J. E., Martin, A. H., McClain-Nhlapo, C. V., & Rana, T. R. (2022, November 1). Disability inclusion and accountability framework (Working Paper No. 126977). World Bank Group. https://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/437451528442789278

• Muuo, S. W., Virendrakumar, B., Okello, G., Chege, M., Angwenyi, V., Gichohi, K., Kibet, H., Nduta, S., Bechange, S., & Schmidt, E. (2025). Financial inclusion for persons with disabilities: Experiences of providers and users of financial products and services in Kenya. PLOS ONE, 20(4), Article e0321493. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0321493

• Ozili, P. K. (2018). Impact of digital finance on financial inclusion and stability. Borsa Istanbul Review, 18(4), 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2017.12.003

• Hennink, M., & Kaiser, B. N. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y

• Peprah, J. A., Avorkpo, E. A., & Kulu, E. (2023). People with disability and access to financial services: Evidence from Ghana. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 15(6), 1198–1216. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12679

• Pholphirul, P. (2019). Financial inclusion of marginalized people in Thailand. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 40(3), 665–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2019.03.015

• Pinilla-Roncancio, M., & Alkire, S. (2021). How poor are people with disabilities? Evidence based on the global multidimensional poverty index. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 31(4), 206–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1044207320919942

• Puli, L., Layton, N., Bell, D., & Shahriar, A. Z. (2024). Financial inclusion for people with disability: A scoping review. Global Health Action, 17(1), Article 2342634. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2024.2342634

• Santoso, B. (2023). Inclusive digital financial services for persons with disabilities: Impact on economic empowerment and financial inclusion. Indonesian Journal of Disability Studies, 10(1), 105–124. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.ijds.2023.010.01.10

• Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Alfred A. Knopf.

• Shakespeare, T. (1996). Rules of engagement: Doing disability research. Disability & Society, 11(1), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599650023380

• Singh, C. (2017). Financial inclusion of the disabled (IIM Bangalore Working Paper No. 556). Indian Institute of Management Bangalore. https://research.iimb.ac.in/work_papers/531

• Thohari, S., & Rizky, U. F. (2021). Persons with disabilities’ financial literacy and access to financial services. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 24(1), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.24914/jeb.v24i1.3675

• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2018, August 9). What does it mean to leave no one behind? A UNDP discussion paper and framework for implementation. https://www.undp.org/publications/what-does-it-mean-leave-no-one-behind

• Wann, C. R., & Burke-Smalley, L. (2023). Differences in financial inclusion by disability type. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 41(5), 1104–1135. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-06-2022-0242

• World Health Organization. (2023, March 7). Disability. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/disability-and-health