Determinants of Bus Seat Belt Usage Behavior: A Qualitative Study
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Seat belt use is one of the most effective behaviors for saving lives and reducing injuries in bus accidents. This behavior among Iranian bus passengers has not received enough attention. The aim of this study was to discover the determinants of the use and lack of use of bus seat belts in a sample of bus drivers and passengers, traffic police, and related experts. In this qualitative study, data were gathered through 60 semi-constructed interviews. A data analysis was conducted using the inductive content analysis method. A purposive and non-probability sampling approach was employed to recruit participants. After the data analysis, 493 primary codes were extracted, and multiple revisions and merging of these codes based on similarity were carried out. Two categories were identified as determinants of bus seat belt usage behavior. The results of this study provide a comprehensive view of the determinants of bus seat belt usage behavior in Iran and suggest the necessity of interventions in bus passengers’ attitudes and perceptions and more attention to environmental issues, such as the appropriate availability of bus seat belts.
Article Details
References
• Akbaş, O., Güven, R., Cebeci, G., Bertlek, S.B., Aldemir, G., & Bal, E. (2010). A study on the effects of seat belt posters on drivers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 1002-1007. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.03.141
• Ali, M., Haidar, N., Ali, M.M., & Maryam, A. (2011). Determinants of seat belt use among drivers in Sabzevar, Iran: A comparison of theory of planned behavior and health belief model. Traffic injury prevention, 12(1), 104-109. doi: Pii 932649275
• Anderson, L.R., & Mellor, J.M. (2008). Predicting health behaviors with an experimental measure of risk preference. J Health Econ, 27(5), 1260-1274. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.05.011
• Bandura, A. (2003). Observational learning. Encyclopedia of learning and memory, 2, 482-484.
• Barua, U., & Tay, R. (2010). Severity of urban transit bus crashes in Bangladesh. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 44(1), 34-41. doi: 10.1002/atr.104
• Begg, D.J., & Langley, J.D. (2000). Seat-belt use and related behaviors among young adults. Journal of Safety Research, 31(4), 211-220. doi: Doi 10.1016/S0022-4375(00)00038-4
• Blower, D., & Green, P.E. (2010). Type of motor carrier and driver history in fatal bus crashes. Transportation Research Record, 2194, 37-43. doi: 10.3141/2194-05
• News Today (2017, October 9). Bus rollover in central China leaves 1 injured [video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DEQf_0u3aFg
• Chang, W.H., Guo, H.R., Lin, H.J., & Chang, Y.H. (2006). Association between major injuries and seat locations in a motorcoach rollover accident. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 38(5), 949-953. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2006.03.005
• Chliaoutakis, J.E., Gnardellis, C., Drakou, I., Darviri, C., & Sboukis, V. (2000). Modelling the factors related to the seatbelt use by the young drivers of Athens. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 32(6), 815-825. doi: Doi 10.1016/S0001-4575(00)00006-3
• Cohen, S., & Janicki-Deverts, D. (2012). Who's stressed? Distributions of psychological stress in the United States in probability samples from 1983, 2006, and 2009. Journal of applied social psychology, 42(6), 1320-1334.
• Cunill, M., Gras, M.E., Planes, M., Oliveras, C., & Sullman, M.J.M. (2004). An investigation of factors reducing seat belt use amongst Spanish drivers and passengers on urban roads. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 36(3), 439-445. doi: 10.1016/S0001-4575(03)00039-3
• Curtis, K.M., Rodi, S.W., & Sepulveda, M.G. (2007). The lack of an adult seat belt
law in New Hampshire: Live free and die? Accident Analysis & Prevention,39(2), 380-383. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2006.08.008
• Dinh-Zarr, T.B., Sleet, D.A., Shults, R.A., Zaza, S., Elder, R.W., & Nichols, J. (2001). Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to increase the use of safety belts. American journal of preventive medicine, 21(4), 48-65. doi: Doi 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00378-6
• European Coach and Bus Occupant Safety Project (ECBOS). (2004). Final publishable report - enhanced coach and bus occupant safety. Retrieved from http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/
doc/2004/wp29grsg/TRANS-WP29-GRSG-86-inf04e.pdf
• Bjoernstig, U.L.F., Bylund, P.O., Albertsson, P., Falkmer, T., Björnstig, J., & Petzäll, J. (2005). Injury events among bus and coach occupants: Non-crash injuries as important as crash injuries. IATSS research, 29(1), 79-87.
• Edgerton, E.A., Duan, N.H., Seidel, J.S., & Asch, S. (2002). Predictors of seat-belt use among school-aged children in two low-income Hispanic communities. American journal of preventive medicine, 22(2), 113-116. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00412-3
• Elvik, R., Vaa, T., Hoye, A., & Sorensen, M. (2009). The handbook of road safety measures: Emerald Group Publishing.
• Evans, L. (1996). Safety-belt effectiveness: the influence of crash severity and selective recruitment. Accid Anal Prev, 28(4), 423-433.
• Fernandes, R., Hatfield, J., & Job, R.S. (2010). A systematic investigation of the differential predictors for speeding, drink-driving, driving while fatigued, and not wearing a seat belt, among young drivers. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 13(3), 179-196.
• Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The qualitative report, 8(4), 597-606.
• Gras, M.E., Cunill, M., Sullman, M.J.M., Planes, M., & Font-Mayolas, S. (2007). Predictors of seat belt use amongst Spanish drivers. Transportation Research Part F-Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 10(3), 263-269. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2006.11.003
• Guler, M.A., Atahan, A.O., & Bayram, B. (2011). Crashworthiness evaluation of an
intercity coach against rollover accidents. International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems, 18(1), 64-82. doi: 10.1504/ijhvs.2011.03796
• Iran's traffic police enforcement (2010). Seat belt legislation. Decree No. 1394/12/17, / 165879. Retrieved November 10, 2017 from http://rahvar120.ir/index.jsp?siteid=1&fkeyid
=&siteid=1&fkeyid=&siteid=1&pageid=2579.
• Johnston, A.C., & Warkentin, M. (2010). Fear appeals and information security behaviors: An empirical study. MIS quarterly, 34(3), 549-566.
• Kuhn, M., & Lam, J. (2008). Increasing seat belt use among 8- to 15-year-olds. Volume II: Appendices.
• Lajunen, T., & Räsänen, M. (2004). Can social psychological models be used to promote bicycle helmet use among teenagers? A comparison of the health belief model, theory of planned behavior and the locus of control. Journal of Safety Research, 35(1), 115-123.
• Lerner, E.B., Jehle, D.V., Billittier, A.J.T., Moscati, R.M., Connery, C.M., & Stiller, G. (2001). The influence of demographic factors on seatbelt use by adults injured in motor vehicle crashes. Accid Anal Prev, 33(5), 659-662.
• Lichtenstein, M.J., Bolton, A., & Wade, G. (1989). Body-mass as a determinant of seat-belt use. American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 297(4), 233-237.
• Madden, T.J., Ellen, P.S., & Ajzen, I. (1992). A comparison of the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action. Personality and social psychology Bulletin, 18(1), 3-9. doi: 10.1177/
• Mayrhofer, E., Steffan, H., & Hoschopf, H. (2005). Enhanced coach and bus occupant safety. Retrieved on November 10, 2017 from: https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/trans/doc/
/wp29grsg/TRANS-WP29-GRSG-86-inf04e.pdf.
• Mehta, G., & Lou, Y. (2013). Modeling school bus seat belt usage: Nested and mixed logit approaches. Accid Anal Prev, 51, 56-67. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2012.10.008
• Morowatisharifabad, M.A., Momeni Sarvestani, M., Barkhordari Firoozabadi, A., & Fallahzadeh, H. (2012). Predictors of unsafe driving in Yazd City, based on protection motivation theory in 2010. Quarterly of Horizon of Medical Sciences, 17(4), 49-59.
• Nambulee, W., Jomnonkwao, S., Siridhara, S., & Ratanavaraha, V. (2019). Modelling of seat belt use intention for intercity buses based on health belief model. Transportmetrica A: Transport Science, 15(2), 944-962. doi:10.1080/23249935.2018.1551946
• Nambulee, W., Jomnonkwao, S., Siridhara, S., Ratanavaraha, V., Karoonsoontawong, A., & Beeharry, R. (2018). The intercity bus passenger's locus of control with regard to seat belt use intention. Suranaree Journal of Science & Technology, 25(3).
• National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. (2017).Trucks in Fatal Accidents (TIFA) and Buses in Fatal Accidents (BIFA). Retrieved on November 10, 2017 from https://www.nhtsa.gov/fatality-analysis-reporting-system-fars/trucks-fatal-accidents-tifa-and-buses-fatal-accidents-bifa.
• The National Transportation Safety Board. (2012). Improve the Safety of Bus Operations. Retrieved on November 10, 2017 from https://www.ntsb.gov/safety/mwl/Pages/mwl2_2012.aspx
#reports.
• Pearce, T., Maunder, D.A.C., Mbara, T.C., Babu, D.M., & Rwebangira, T. (2000). Bus accidents in India, Nepal, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe. Public and Nonmotorized Transportation in Other Nations; Women's Issues in Transportation, (1726), 16-23.
• Prato, C.G., & Kaplan, S. (2014). Bus accident severity and passenger injury: evidence from Denmark. European transport research review, 6(1), 17-30. doi: 10.1007/s12544-013-0107-z
• Rimal, R.N., Bose, K., Brown, J., Mkandawire, G., & Folda, L. (2009). Extending the purview of the risk perception attitude framework: findings from HIV/AIDS prevention research in Malawi. Health Commun, 24(3), 210-218. doi: 10.1080/10410230902804109
• Routley, V., Ozanne-Smith, J., Yu, M., Wang, J.Y., Wu, M., Zhang, J.H., & Zhao, M. (2010). Focus on seat belt use in China. Traffic injury prevention, 11(6), 578-586. doi: Pii 93047526310.1080/15389588.
525157
• Schlundt, D.G., Briggs, N.C., Miller, S.T., Arthur, C.M., & Goldzweig, I.A. (2007). BMI and seatbelt use. Obesity, 15(11), 2541-2545. doi: Doi 10.1038/Oby.2007.303
• Sheeran, P., & Abraham, C. (1996). The health belief model. Predicting health behaviour, 2, 29-80.
• Şimşekoğlu, Ö., & Lajunen, T. (2008a). Social psychology of seat belt use: A comparison of theory of planned behavior and health belief model. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 11(3), 181-191.
• Şimşekoğlu, Ö., & Lajunen, T. (2008). Why Turks do not use seat belts? An interview study. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(2), 470-478.
• Sullivan, K.A., White, K.M., Young, R.M., Chang, A., Roos, C., & Scott, C. (2008). Predictors of intention to reduce stroke risk among people at risk of stroke: An application of an extended health belief model. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53(4), 505-512. doi: 10.1037/a0013359
• Takakura, M., Ueji, M., & Sakihara, S. (2001). Covariation of cigarette smoking and other health-risk behaviors among Japanese high school students: a preliminary study. Journal of epidemiology, 11(5), 224-228.
• Tasnimnews. (2017). 50 repetitions Mortality of the bus. Retrieved on November 10, 2017 from https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1395/05/03/1137623/50.
• IMMI. (2017, February 6). Seat belt effectiveness in a school bus rollover [video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KbCciy8ePds.
• RTV6 The Indy Channel. (2017, August 22). School bus simulation crash shows importance of seat belt safety. [video] Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LI0EXTLYbA8
• Uthman, O.A., Sinclair, M., Willems, B., & Young, T. (2014). Interventions to promote the use of seat belts. The Cochrane Library, (7).
• World Health Organization (2009). How to develop and implement interventions. Retrieved on November 29, 2017 from http://www.who.int/roadsafety/projects/manuals/seatbelt/en
• World Health Organization. (2013). Global status report on road safety 2013: supporting a decade of action: World Health Organization.
• World Health Organization. (2015). Global status report on road safety 2015. World Health Organization.