Creative Leadership and the Evolution of Neo-Confucianism: A Study of Toynbee’s Theory with Jeong Do-jeon and King Sejong

Abstract

  This study explores Korea’s Neo-Confucian transformation from the late Goryeo to the early Joseon Dynasty through the lens of Arnold Toynbee’s theory of civilizational change and the concept of "Creative Leadership." Using a qualitative, voice-centered approach to original historical documents, the study analyzes how Jeong Do-jeon and King Sejong responded to historical crises not only with political reforms but also with ethically grounded innovations that reshaped state philosophy and the role of government in society. Jeong Do-jeon restructured state institutions based on Confucian rationalism and meritocratic reform, while King Sejong advanced inclusive policies such as the creation of Hunminjeongeum (the Korean writing system) to empower common people. Their leadership demonstrated a deep moral vision and civic consciousness, reflecting enduring values such as public welfare, civic participation, and human-centered governance. These values continue to resonate in contemporary South Korean democracy and significantly contribute to Korea’s current global image. For international students drawn to Korea by the Korean Wave, this study offers a new approach to make Korean history more interesting and meaningful by presenting historical leaders as moral and creative problem-solvers. This helps learners connect the past with contemporary values such as resilience, equality, and social responsibility. The research not only provides a fresh perspective on interpreting Korea’s historical development but also offers a practical pedagogical approach for teaching Korean history in international classrooms