Influence of Employers on Employees’ Family Decisions: Perspective of Employees of Russian Companies
Main Article Content
Abstract
Addressing Russia’s negative demographic trends requires the formulation of novel and more effective policy measures. One measure actively implemented in Russia in recent years involves engaging businesses in addressing demographic issues through corporate demographic policies. This study aims to assess the potential influence of employers on employees’ family decisions by analyzing employees’ perceptions of that influence. Our research is based on a survey conducted across 15 regions of Russia. The results indicate that the vast majority of employees acknowledge that companies have moral obligations and should provide targeted support to employees with children. We propose an index of employers’ positive influence on employees’ family decisions, which shows that employees are moderately optimistic about that influence. Differences in this index were identified and analyzed among employee groups. Directions for future research are also suggested. The contributions of this study are both theoretical and empirical in nature. While the theoretical contribution addresses the development of the scholarly debate on the theory of the corporation as a moral person, the empirical contribution comprises a set of findings that facilitate the development of more effective corporate demographic policies.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
• Antonenko, V. V. (2014). Dependence of income on the educational level of the economically active population of the Volgograd region: A statistical analysis. National Interests: Priorities and Security, 37, 31–38. https://www.fin-izdat.com/journal/national/detail.php?ID=63479
• Antonenko, V. V., & Antonov, G. V. (2018). A statistical model of dependence of income on educational level in modern-day Russia. Regional Economics: Theory and Practice, 12, 2349–2368. https://doi.org/10.24891/re.16.12.2349
• Arkhipova, M., Egorov, A., & Sirotin, V. (2017). Returns to schooling in Russia and Ukraine: Comparative analysis. Applied Econometrics, 47, 100–122. https://ideas.repec.org/a/ris/apltrx/0326.html
• Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. University of Chicago Press.
• Becker, G. S., & Chiswick, B. R. (1966). Education and the distribution of earnings. The American Economic Review, 56(1/2), 358–369. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1821299
• Bobbio, A., Canova, L., & Manganelli, A. M. (2022). Organizational work-home culture and its relations with the work–family interface and employees’ subjective well-being. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 17, 2933–2966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-022-10048-w
• Bourhis, A., & Mekkaoui, R. (2010). Beyond work-family balance: Are family-friendly organizations more attractive? Relations Industrielles, 65(1), 98–117. https://doi.org/10.7202/039529ar
• Danley, J. (1980). Corporate moral agency. Bowling Green Studies in Applied Philosophy, 2, 140–149. https://doi.org/10.5840/bgstudies1980216
• Dekina, M. P., & Goncharov, D. S. (2024). Obrazovanie kak klyuchevoy faktor vostrebovannosti na rossiyskom rynke truda [Education as a key factor of demand in the Russian labor market]. St. Petersburg Sociology Today, 23, 77–91. https://doi.org/10.25990/socinstras.pss-23.2y4w-7883
• DiMaggio, P. J., & Powell, W. W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095101
• Donaldson, T. (1982). Corporations and morality. Prentice Hall.
• Eastern Economic Forum. (2023, September 11). Sustainable development of the state and business: On those who look to the future. https://roscongress.org/en/sessions/eef-2023-ustoychivoe-razvitie-gosudarstva-i-biznesa-pro-tekh-kto-smotrit-v-budushchee/translation/
• EPS. (2025, March 15). Reyting otvetstvennogo biznesa [Rating of responsible business]. https://xn----etbbhpfd3axw8i.xn--p1ai/
• Ezra, M., & Deckman, M. (1996). Balancing work and family responsibilities: Flextime and child care in the federal government. Public Administration Review, 56(2), 174–179. https://doi.org/10.2307/977205
• Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. (2023, November 9). Aktualʹnye resheniya po podderzhke rozhdaemosti. Parlamentskie slushaniya [Actual decisions on fertility assistance: Parliamentary hearings]. https://council.gov.ru/activity/activities/parliamentary/149964/
• Fore, H. H. (2019, July 29). Family-friendly policies benefit all of us. Here are 4 ways to boost them. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/stories/2019/07/4-ways-to-build-family-friendly-policies-parental-leave/
• French, P. (1979). The corporation as a moral person. American Philosophical Quarterly, 16(3), 207–215. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20009760?origin=JSTOR-pdf
• Goodpaster, K. E. (1991). Business ethics and stakeholder analysis. Business Ethics Quarterly, 1(1), 53–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857592
• Goodpaster, K. E. (2007). Conscience and corporate culture. Blackwell.
• Goodpaster, K. E. (2022). Times of insight: conscience, corporations, and the common good. Springer Nature.
• Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 76–88. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1985.4277352
• Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 72–92. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.19379625
• Han, J. W., Kamber, M., & Pei, J. (2012). Data mining concepts and techniques (3rd ed.). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
• Ivanitsky, V. L. & Shishkarev, S. N. (2024). Korporativnyy demograficheskiy standart: luchshie praktiki otvetstvennogo biznesa [Corporate demographic standard: best practices of responsible business]. DPK Press. https://индемп.рф/static/files/korpstandart2024.pdf
• Kim, J., & Wiggins, M. E. (2011). Family-friendly human resource policy: Is it still working in the public sector? Public Administration Review, 71(5), 728–739. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02412.x
• Ladd, J. (1970). Morality and the ideal of rationality in formal organizations. Monist, 54(4), 488–516. https://doi.org/10.5840/monist197054433
• Lee, S.-Y., & Hong, J. H. (2011). Does family-friendly policy matter? Testing its impact on turnover and performance. Public Administration Review, 71(6), 870–879. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2011.02416.x
• Lepoutre, J., & Heene, A. (2006). Investigating the impact of firm size on small business social responsibility: A critical review. Journal of Business Ethics, 67(3), 257–273. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9183-5
• Lim, V. K. G., & Kim, T.-Y. (2014). The long arm of the job: Parents’ work-family conflict and youths’ work centrality. Applied Psychology, 63(1), 151–167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00527.x
• Lutz, W., & Scherbov, S. (2003). Future demographic change in Europe: The contribution of migration. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/7019/
• Mamaev, A. I. (2019). Issledovaniya korporativnoy sotsialʹnoy otvetstvennosti v subʺyektakh malogo biznesa [Research of corporate social responsibility in small businesses]. Russian Economics, 2, Article 54. https://www.e-rej.ru/publications/179/%D0%BC/
• Mansell, S., Ferguson, J., Gindis, D., & Pasternak, A. (2019). Rethinking corporate agency in business, philosophy, and law. Journal of Business Ethics, 154, 893–899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3895-1
• Merton, R. K. (1948). The self-fulfilling prophecy. The Antioch Review, 8(2), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.2307/4609267
• Meyer, J., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340–363. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2778293
• Mincer, J. (1975). Education, experience, and the distribution of earnings and employment: An overview. In Education, Income, and Human Behavior (pp. 71–94). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c3693/c3693.pdf
• Perrini, F., Russo, A., & Tencati, A. (2007). CSR strategies of SMEs and large firms. Evidence from Italy. Journal of Business Ethics, 74, 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9235-x
• Press Center of the Plenipotentiary Envoy of the President of the Russian Federation to the Ural Federal District. (2024, October 24). V Yekaterinburge prokhodit Korporativnyy demograficheskiy forum UrFO [The Ural Federal District Corporate Demographic Forum is being held in Yekaterinburg]. http://uralfo.gov.ru/press/events/7552/
• Rönnegard, D. (2015). The fallacy of corporate moral agency. Springer Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9756-6
• Rönnegard, D., & Velasquez, M. (2017). On (not) attributing moral responsibility to organizations. In E. W. Orts & S. N. Craig (Eds.), The moral responsibility of firms (pp. 123–142). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738534.003.0008
• Rosstat, Federal State Statistics Service. (2019, December 26). Itogi vyborochnogo nablyudeniya: Ispolʹzovanie sutochnogo fonda vremeni naseleniem [The daily time budget: Survey results]. https://rosstat.gov.ru/itog_inspect
• Rosstat, Federal State Statistics Service. (2024, December 26). Regiony Rossii. Sotsialʹno-ekonomicheskie pokazateli [Russian regions: Socioeconomic indicators]. https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13204
• Rosstat, Federal State Statistics Service. (2025, March 25). Sotsialʹno-ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii [Socioeconomic situation in Russia]. https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/DOKLAD_2025.htm
• Rostovskaya, T., Shabunova, A., & Bagirova, A. (2021). The concept for corporate demographic policy of Russian enterprises in the framework of corporate social responsibility. Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast, 14(5), 151–164. https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2021.5.77.9
• Russian Public Opinion Research Center (VCIOM). (2024, March 25). Semeynoe schastʹe — v rukakh rabotodatelya? [Family happiness – in the hands of the employer?]. https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/semeinoe-schaste-v-rukakh-rabotodatelja
• Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP). (2024, April 1). Kruglyy stol na temu: “Podderzhka semʹi, detstva, materinstva, rabotnikov s semeynymi obyazannostyami” [Support of family, childhood, maternity, employees with family responsibilities: Round table]. https://rutube.ru/video/5571d8a8ef30cb2e17b4af741402fa5b/?ysclid=m8l08plfug379395666
• Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs (RSPP). (2025, February 19). Forum “Kadry”: Strategii preodoleniya kadrovogo defitsita v rossiyskoy ekonomike [Forum “Human resources”: Strategies for overcoming the personnel shortage in the Russian economy]. https://rspp.ru/events/news/forum-kadry-strategii-preodoleniya-kadrovogo-defitsita-v-rossiyskoy-ekonomike-67b5bb16dd8f1/
• Saltzstein, A. L., Ting, Y., & Saltzstein, G. H. (2001). Work-family balance and job satisfaction: The impact of family-friendly policies on attitudes of federal government employees. Public Administration Review, 61(4), 452–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-3352.00049
• Sarbutts, N. (2003). Can SMEs “do” CSR? A practitioner’s view of the ways small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises are able to manage reputation through corporate social responsibility. Journal of Communication Management, 7(4), 340–347. https://doi.org/10.1108/13632540310807476
• Secret, M., & Swanberg, J. (2016). Work-family experiences and the insights of municipal government employees: A case study. Public Personnel Management, 37(2), 199–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102600803700205
• Shubat, O. M. (2022). Rossiyskiy biznes i podderzhka rozhdaemosti: uspeshnye korporativnye praktiki [Russian business and fertility support: Successful corporate practices]. In Global challenges to demographic development (pp. 339–351). Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.17059/udf-2022-4-32
• Shubat, O. M. (2024). Malyy biznes i korporativnaya grazhdanstvennostʹ v demograficheskoy sfere: estʹ li tochki soprikosnoveniya? [Small business and corporate citizenship in the demographic sphere: Are there common ground?]. In Family and work (pp. 464–468). Nizhny Novgorod State University named after N. I. Lobachevsky. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=75192899
• St. Petersburg International Economic Forum (SPIEF). (2023, June 15). Where there are people, there is business: Strategic motivation for private investment in demography. https://forumspb.com/en/programme/business-programme/104236/
• Stillman, F., & Bowen, G. L. (1985). Corporate support mechanisms for families: An exploratory study and agenda for research and evaluation. Evaluation and Program Planning, 8(4), 309–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7189(85)90026-6
• Tobysheva, A. A., & Shubat, O. M. (2024). Korporativnaya demograficheskaya politika: determinanty i praktiki [Corporate demographic policy: Determinants and practices]. Human Progress, 10(1), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.34709/im.1101.6
• Tonkikh, N. V., Chudinovskikh, M. V., & Begicheva, S. V. (2024). Integratsiya gibkikh instrumentov korporativnoy demograficheskoy politiki v sistemu upravleniya personalom [Integration of flexible corporate demographic policy tools into the personnel management system]. Upravlenets / The Manager, 15(5), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.29141/2218-5003-2024-15-5-6
• Ukaz Prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii No. 309. (2024, May 7). O natsionalʹnykh tselyakh razvitiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii na period do 2030 goda i na perspektivu do 2036 goda [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 309 on the national development goals of the Russian Federation for the period until 2030 and in the perspective until 2036]. http://www.kremlin.ru/acts/news/73986
• Unified Interagency Information Statistical System (UIISS). (2025a, February 19). Naselenie [Population]. https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/31557
• Unified Interagency Information Statistical System (UIISS). (2025b, March 10). Summarnyy koeffitsient rozhdaemosti [Total fertility rate]. https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/31517
• Velasquez, M. G. (1983). Why corporations are not morally responsible for anything they do. Business and Professional Ethics Journal, 2(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.5840/bpej19832349
• Velasquez, M. G. (2003). Debunking corporate moral responsibility. Business Ethics Quarterly, 13(4), 531–562. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq200313436
• Vitik, S. V. (2012). Stimulirovanie reproduktivnogo truda na rossiyskikh predpriyatiyakh: mekhanizm i otsenka effektivnosti [Stimulation of reproductive labor in Russian enterprises: Mechanism and effectiveness assessment] [Doctoral dissertation abstract, Ural Federal University]. https://elar.urfu.ru/bitstream/10995/4325/2/urfu0977s.pdf
• Werhane, P. H., & Freeman, R. E. (1998). The Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionary of Business Ethics. Blackwell.
• Wickert, C., Scherer, A. G., & Spence, L. J. (2016). Walking and talking corporate social responsibility: Implications of firm size and organizational cost. Journal of Management Studies, 53(7), 1169–1196. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12209
• World Bank. (2024). Women, business and the law 2024. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-2063-2
• Yucel, D., & Fan, W. (2023). Workplace flexibility, work–family interface, and psychological distress: Differences by family caregiving obligations and gender. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 18, 1825–1847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-023-10164-1