Resilience, Dispositional Hope, and Psychological Well-Being Among Chinese College Students: Perceived Social Support as a Mediator
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Research on the psychological well-being of college students has been gaining significant attention. Over the past decade, there has been a considerable rise in anxiety, depression, sleep disorders, and suicide attempts among Chinese college students. This study used cross-sectional data to understand how perceived social support mediates the relationships between psychological well-being, dispositional hope, and resilience. The participants involved 776 students (475 females and 301 males) from five colleges in China. Four questionnaires were used to collect data. PLS-SEM analysis demonstrated that dispositional hope and resilience directly enhance psychological well-being and indirectly influence it through increased perceived social support. The bootstrapping analysis further revealed that perceived social support partially mediates the relationships between resilience and psychological well-being and dispositional hope and psychological well-being. These findings extend previous work on the complex interplay between psychological strengths and well-being, with potential implications. The limitations—including its cross-sectional design, reliance on self-reported data, and restricted sample—underscore the need for future longitudinal research to better understand causal and reciprocal relationships.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
• Allison, S., Stacey, K., Dadds, V., Roeger, L., Wood, A., & Martin, G. (2003). What the family brings: Gathering evidence for strengths-based work. Journal of Family Therapy, 25(3), 263–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00248
• Alves, C. F., De Oliveira, C. T., Garcia Dias, A. C., & Pereira Teixeira, M. A. (2017). Relationship between hope and career: A systematic literature review. Brazilian Journal of Vocational Guidance, 18(2), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.26707/1984-7270/2017v18n2p181
• Akhir, N. M., Aun, N. S. M., Selamat, M. N., & Amin, A. S. (2021). Exploring factors influencing resilience among flood victims in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(6), 969–981. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i6/10227
• Archer, C. M., Jiang, X., Thurston, I. B., & Floyd, R. G. (2019). The differential effects of perceived social support on adolescent hope: Testing the moderating effects of age and gender. Child Indicators Research, 12(6), 2079–2094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-018-9610-3
• Avey, J. B., Wernsing, T. S., & Luthans, F. (2008). Can positive employees help positive organizational change? Impact of psychological capital and emotions on relevant attitudes and behaviors. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 44(1), 48–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886307311470
• Badanta, B., González-Cano-Caballero, M., Suárez-Reina, P., Lucchetti, G., & de Diego-Cordero, R. (2022). How does Confucianism influence health behaviors, health outcomes, and medical decisions? A scoping review. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(4), 2966–2984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01506-8
• Bailey, T. C., & Snyder, C. R. (2007). Satisfaction with life and hope: A look at age and marital status. The Psychological Record, 57(2), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395574
• Baltacı, Ö., & Hamarta, E. (2013). Analyzing the relationship between social anxiety, social support and problem solving approach of university students. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 13(4), 2261–2267. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2013.4.1809
• Benard, B. (2004). Resiliency: What we have learned. Children, Youth and Environments, 15(1), 1–26. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.15.1.0001
• Bum, C. H., & Jeon, I. K. (2016). Structural relationships between students’ social support and self-esteem, depression, and happiness. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 44(11), 1761–1774. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.11.1761
• Chang, Y. H., Yang, C. T., & Hsieh, S. (2023). Social support enhances the mediating effect of psychological resilience on the relationship between life satisfaction and depressive symptom severity. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article 5076. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31863-7
• Chen, C., Shen, H., & Gao, L. (2009). Yingdui fangshi: Xiwang yu xingfugan de zhongjie yinsu [Coping style: The mediating factor between hope and well-being]. China Journal of Health Psychology, 17(2), 172–175. https://doi.org/10.13342/j.cnki.cjhp.2009.02.054
• Chen, W., Liu, J., Luo, J., & Liu, G. (2020). Jianshi ren xing liangbiao zai Zhongguo daxuesheng Zhong de xinxiaodu jianyan [Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Brief Resilience Scale among Chinese university students]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28(1), 24–28. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2020.01.006
• Chu, P. S., Saucier, D. A., & Hafner, E. (2010). Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(6), 624–645. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.624
• Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59(8), 676–684. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.8.676
• Collins, S. (2015). Hope and helping in social work. Practice, 27(3), 197–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/09503153.2015.1014335
• Dash, G., & Paul, J. (2021). CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM methods for research in social sciences and technology forecasting. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173, Article 121092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121092
• Dray, J., Bowman, J., Campbell, E., Freund, M., Wolfenden, L., Hodder, R. K., McElwaine, K., Tremain, D., Bartlem, K., Bailey, J., Small, T., Palazzi, K., Oldmeadow, C., & Wiggers, J. (2017). Systematic review of universal resilience-focused interventions targeting child and adolescent mental health in the school setting. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(10), 813–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.07.780
• Du, H., King, R. B., & Chu, S. K. W. (2016). Hope, social support, and depression among Hong Kong youth: Personal and relational self-esteem as mediators. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 21(8), 926–931. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2015.1127397
• Eagle, D. E., Hybels, C. F., & Proeschold-Bell, R. J. (2019). Perceived social support, received social support, and depression among clergy. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(7), 2055–2073. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407518776134
• Eldeleklıoğlu, J. (2006). The relationship between perceived social support and the level of depression and anxiety in university students. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri [Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice], 6(3), 742–752.
• English, A. S., Zhang, Y. B., & Tong, R. (2021). Social support and cultural distance: Sojourners’ experience in China. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 80, 349–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.10.006
• Ezarina, Z., Noor Nasihah, K., Zhooriyati Sehu, M., Masahiro, S., Balan, R., Soon Singh Bikar, S., Zaizul Ab, R., Vikneswaran, S., Azianura Hani, S., & Mohammad Rahim, K. (2022). The role of family life and the influence of peer pressure on delinquency: Qualitative evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), Article 7846. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137846
• Fang, J., Zhang, M., & Li, X. (2011). Yòng chéngjì zhī pǐn fēnbù, tuìbù chóngcè yǔ Mǎkèfú liánhuán Mèngtè Kǎluō fāngfǎ gǔlì zhōngjiè xiàoyìng de xìnxìn qūjiàn [Estimating confidence intervals of mediating effects by using the distribution of the product, bootstrap, and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods]. Advances in Psychological Science, 19(5), 765–774. https://journal.psych.ac.cn/xlkxjz/EN/Y2011/V19/I5/765
• Feldman, D. B., & Snyder, C. R. (2005). Hope and the meaningful life: Theoretical and empirical associations between goal-directed thinking and life meaning. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(3), 401–421. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.24.3.401.65616
• Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crisis? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365–376. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.365
• Fu, X. L., Zhang, K., Chen, X. F., & Chen, Z. Y. (2023). Zhongguo guomin xinli jiankang fazhan baogao (2021–2022) [Report on national mental health development in China (2021–2022)]. Social Sciences Academic Press (China).
• Fung, S. F. (2020). Validity of the Brief Resilience Scale and Brief Resilient Coping Scale in a Chinese sample. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), Article 1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041265
• Gallagher, M. W., Long, L. J., & Phillips, C. A. (2020). Hope, optimism, self‐efficacy, and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta‐analytic review of the protective effects of positive expectancies. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(3), 329–355. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22882
• Gençöz, T., & Özlale, Y. (2004). Direct and indirect effects of social support on psychological well-being. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 32(5), 449–458. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.5.449
• Griggs, S. (2017). Hope and mental health in young adult college students: An integrative review. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 55(2), 28–35. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20170210-04
• Güngör, A. (2019). Investigating the relationship between social support and school burnout in Turkish middle school students: The mediating role of hope. School Psychology International, 40(6), 581–597. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034319866492
• Hair, J. F., Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., & Ray, S. (2021). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: A workbook. Springer.
• Hair, J. F., Jr., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed, a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
• Hamza, M., Azfar, R. W., Mazher, K. M., Sultan, B., Maqsoom, A., Khahro, S. H., & Memon, Z. A. (2023). Exploring perceptions of the adoption of prefabricated construction technology in Pakistan using the technology acceptance model. Sustainability, 15(10), Article 8281. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15108281
• Hellman, C. M., Pittman, M. K., & Munoz, R. T. (2013). The first twenty years of the will and the ways: An examination of score reliability distribution on Snyder’s Dispositional Hope Scale. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(3), 723–729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9351-5
• Hernandez, R., Bassett, S. M., Boughton, S. W., Schuette, S. A., Shiu, E. W., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2018). Psychological well-being and physical health: Associations, mechanisms, and future directions. Emotion Review, 10(1), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073917697824
• Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1984). Hofstede’s culture dimensions: An independent validation using Rokeach’s value survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 15(4), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002184015004003
• Hou, T., Yin, Q., Xu, Y., Gao, J., Bin, L., Li, H., Cai, W., Liu, Y., Dong, W., Deng, G., & Ni, C. (2021). The mediating role of perceived social support between resilience and anxiety 1 year after the COVID-19 pandemic: Disparity between high-risk and low-risk nurses in China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, Article 666789. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.666789
• House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241(4865), 540–545. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3399889
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
• Huang, W., Zhou, Y. J., Zou, H. Y., Yang, X., Xu, H., Li, G. H., Wang, Y. N., Li, R. F., & Zeng, L. Y. (2022). Qingnian qingxu zhang'ai huanzhe ziji juzhu yu fei ziji juzhu ziji shanghai xingwei de chayi: Yige hengmian yanjiu [A cross-sectional study of differences in non-suicidal self-injurious behaviours in adolescents with mood disorders living alone and those not living alone]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 24(7), 806–812. https://doi.org/10.7499/J.ISSN.1008-8830.2201106
• Ibrahim, F., Zakaria, E., Rosli, N. A., & Tharshini, N. K. (2022). Measuring stress levels among social work students during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 11(1), 520–527. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v11-i1/12221
• Jakobsen, A. L., Hansen, C. D., & Andersen, J. H. (2022). The association between perceived social support in adolescence and positive mental health outcomes in early adulthood: A prospective cohort study. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 50(3), 373–381. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494821993718
• Johnson, R. L., Nandan, M., Culp, B., & Thomas, D. (2023). College students’ mental health help-seeking behaviors. College Student Affairs Journal, 41(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1353/csj.2023.0005
• Kemer, G., & Atik, G. (2012). Hope and social support in high school students from urban and rural areas of Ankara, Turkey. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(5), 901–911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9297-z
• Kirmani, M. N., Sharma, P., Anas, M., & Sanam, R. (2015). Hope, resilience, and subjective well-being among college-going adolescent girls. International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies, 2(1), 262–270. https://ijhsss.com/files/31.-Mustafa-Nadeem-Kirmani.pdf
• Klainin-Yobas, P., Vongsirimas, N., Ramirez, D. Q., Sarmiento, J., & Fernandez, Z. (2021). Evaluating the relationships among stress, resilience, and psychological well-being among young adults: A structural equation modelling approach. BMC Nursing, 20(1), Article 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00645-9
• Koczkás, S. (2023). Confucianism: Ancient ideology or driving force of the future? A scoping review on the effect of Confucian culture on innovation. Society and Economy, 45(4), 411–431. https://doi.org/10.1556/204.2023.00021
• Layous, K., & Nelson-Coffey, S. K. (2021). The effect of perceived social support on personal resources following minor adversity: An experimental investigation of belonging affirmation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 47(7), 1152–1168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220961270
• Lee, T., Sun, H. F., & Chiang, H. H. (2019). Development and validation of the short-form Ryff's psychological well-being scale for clinical nurses in Taiwan. Journal of Medical Sciences, 39(4), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.4103/jmedsci.jmedsci_191_18
• Leite, A., Pimentel de Medeiros, A. G. A., Rolim, C., Pinheiro, K. S. C., Beilfuss, M., Leão, M., Castro, T., & Hartmann Junior, J. A. S. (2019). Hope theory and its relation to depression: A systematic review. Annals of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 2(2), Article 1014. https://www.remedypublications.com/open-access/hope-theory-and-its-relation-to-depression-a-systematic-review-168.pdf
• Li, M.-Y., Yang, Y.-L., Liu, L., & Wang, L. (2016). Effects of social support, hope, and resilience on quality of life among Chinese bladder cancer patients: A cross-sectional study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14(1), Article 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-016-0481-z
• Li, Z., & Yin, X. (2015). Shehui zhichi dui daxue sheng xiwang de yingxiang: Ziwo zunzhong he ziwo nengli de zhongjie gongneng [How social support influences hope in college students: The mediating roles of self-esteem and self-efficacy]. Psychological Development and Education, 31(5), 610–617. https://doi.org/10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2015.05.13
• Li, Z.-S., & Hasson, F. (2020). Resilience, stress, and psychological well-being in nursing students: A systematic review. Nurse Education Today, 90, Article 104440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104440
• Lietz, C. A., Lacasse, J. R., & Cacciatore, J. (2011). Social support in family reunification: A qualitative study. Journal of Family Social Work, 14(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10522158.2011.531454
• Linyan, L., & Boqing, C. (2023). Hope and paradox in contemporary Chinese society: A moment for cultural transformation? The American Sociologist, 54(1), 101–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12108-023-09568-1
• Liossis, P. L., Shochet, I. M., Millear, P. M., & Biggs, H. (2009). The Promoting Adult Resilience (PAR) program: The effectiveness of the second, shorter pilot of a workplace prevention program. Behaviour Change, 26(2), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.26.2.97
• Long, L. J., Bistricky, S. L., Phillips, C. A., D'Souza, J. M., Richardson, A. L., Lai, B. S., Short, M., & Gallagher, M. W. (2020). The potential unique impacts of hope and resilience on mental health and well-being in the wake of Hurricane Harvey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 33(6), 962–972. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22555
• Lopez, S. J., Pedrotti, J. T., & Snyder, C. R. (2018). Positive psychology: The scientific and practical explorations of human strengths. Sage Publications.
• Luthans, F., Youssef, C. M., & Avolio, B. J. (2007). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187526.001.0001
• Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
• MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99–128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
• Mahdian, Z., & Ghaffari, M. (2016). The mediating role of psychological resilience and social support on the relationship between spiritual well-being and hope in cancer patients. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 18(3), 130–138. https://doi.org/10.22038/jfmh.2016.6873
• Malkoç, A., & Yalçın, İ. (2015). Relationships among resilience, social support, coping, and psychological well-being among university students. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(43), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.17066/tpdrd.200308
• Masjedi-Arani, A., Yoosefee, S., Hejazi, S., Jahangirzade, M., Jamshidi, M. A., Heidari, M., & Farhoush, M. (2020). Effectiveness of an Islamic approach to hope therapy on hope, depression, and anxiety in comparison with conventional hope therapy in patients with coronary heart disease. Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research, 28(127), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.30699/jambs.28.127.82
• Millear, P. M., Liossis, P., Shochet, I. M., Biggs, H., & Donald, M. (2008). Being on PAR: Outcomes of a pilot trial to improve mental health and wellbeing in the workplace with the Promoting Adult Resilience (PAR) program. Behaviour Change, 25(4), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1375/bech.25.4.215
• Padrón, Y. N., Waxman, H. C., & Lee, Y.-H. (2014). Classroom learning environment differences between resilient, average, and nonresilient middle school students in reading. Education and Urban Society, 46(2), 264–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124512446217
• Qi, L. Y., Roslan, S., & Zaremohzzabieh, Z. (2021). Perceived social support and psychological well-being of international students: The mediating effects of resiliency and spirituality. Asian Journal of University Education, 17(3), 220–234. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i3.14502
• Ratajová, K., Blatný, J., Poláčková Šolcová, I., Meier, Z., Horňáková, T., Brnka, R., & Tavel, P. (2020). Social support and resilience in persons with severe haemophilia: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Haemophilia, 26(3), e74–e80. https://doi.org/10.1111/hae.13999
• Redlich-Amirav, D., Ansell, L. J., Harrison, M., Norrena, K. L., & Armijo-Olivo, S. (2018). Psychometric properties of Hope Scales: A systematic review. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 72, Article e13213. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13213
• Roohafza, H. R., Afshar, H., Keshteli, A. H., Mohammadi, N., Feizi, A., Taslimi, M., & Adibi, P. (2014). What’s the role of perceived social support and coping styles in depression and anxiety? Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 19(10), 944–949. http://jrms.mui.ac.ir/index.php/jrms/article/view/10063
• Rutter, M. (2000). Resilience reconsidered: Conceptual considerations, empirical findings, and policy implications. In J. P. Shonkoff & S. J. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention (pp. 651–682). Cambridge University Press.
• Ryff, C. D. (2013). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 83(1), 10–28. https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
• Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
• Ryff, C. D., Almeida, D. M., Ayanian, J. Z., Carr, D. S., Cleary, P. D., Coe, C., Davidson, R. J., Krueger, R. F., Lachman, M. E., Marks, N. F., Mroczek, D. K., Seeman, T. E., Seltzer, M. M., Singer, B. H., Sloan, R. P., Tun, P. A., Weinstein, M., & Williams, D. R. (2021). Midlife in the United States (MIDUS 2), 2004-2006 [Data set]. Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR04652.v8
• Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1996). Psychological well-being: Meaning, measurement, and implications for psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 65(1), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1159/000289026
• Sarwar, F., Panatik, S. A., Jameel, H. T., Wan Mohd Yunus, W. M. A., & Muhamad, S. N. (2022). Psychological capital, social support, and well-being in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. SAGE Open, 12(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221121773
• Shi, B. (2021). Perceived social support as a moderator of depression and stress in college students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 49(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.9893
• Shi, G., & Tian, L. (2009). Xiwang tezhiliang biaoge zai zhongxuesheng qunti zhong de xin, xiangduo jianyan [Reliability and validity tests of the dispositional hope scale in a group of secondary school students]. Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 7(3), 203–206. https://psybeh.tjnu.edu.cn/EN/Y2009/V7/I3/203
• Shi, J., & Jiang, C. (2024). Hope agency and hope pathways: Exploring the relationships between social class and subjective well-being in different age groups. Current Psychology, 43, 11303–11313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05229-1
• Shi, M., Wang, X., Bian, Y., & Wang, L. (2015). The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between stress and life satisfaction among Chinese medical students: A cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education, 15, Article 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-015-0297-2
• Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
• Snyder, C. R. (Ed.). (2000). Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications. Academic Press.
• Snyder, C. R., Cheavens, J., & Sympson, S. C. (1997). Hope: An individual motive for social commerce. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1(2), 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.1.2.107
• Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570
• Snyder, C. R., Rand, K. L., & Sigmon, D. R. (2002). Hope theory: A member of the positive psychology family. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 257–276). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135336.003.0019
• Sood, S., & Sharma, A. (2020). Resilience and psychological well-being of higher education students during COVID-19: The mediating role of perceived distress. Journal of Health Management, 22(4), 606–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063420983111
• The SPSSAU project. (2024). SPSSAU (Version 24.0) [Online application software]. https://www.spssau.net
• Sun, Q., Ng, K. M., & Wang, C. (2012). A validation study on a new Chinese version of the Dispositional Hope Scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 45(2), 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175611429011
• Syukriah, M. Z., Nur Saadah, M. A., & Arena Che, K. (2022). Exploring social support needs amongst caregivers of learning disabilities. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 12(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v12-i1/12177
• Tai, A. P. L., Leung, M.-K., Geng, X., & Lau, W. K. W. (2023). Conceptualizing psychological resilience through resting-state functional MRI in a mentally healthy population: A systematic review. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 17, Article 1175064. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1175064
• Tan, J., Ai, Y., Wen, X., Wu, Y., & Wang, W. (2016). Relationship between shyness and loneliness among Chinese adolescents: Social support as mediator. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 44(2), 201–208. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.2.201
• Tan, Y., Huang, C., Geng, Y., Cheung, S. P., & Zhang, S. (2021). Psychological well-being in Chinese college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Roles of resilience and environmental stress. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 671553. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671553
• Tian, G., & Zhao, J. (2014). Gaowei qingshaonian wenti xingwei fenxi ji jieru celüe—Jiyu yinxing kangyili shijiao de sikao [An analysis of high-risk adolescents' problematic behavior and strategies for intervention: A study from the perspective of implicit resilience]. Journal of Capital Normal University (Social Sciences Edition), (2), 121–126. https://caod.oriprobe.com/articles/41580340/An_Analysis_of_High_risk_Adolescents__Problematic_.htm
• Tras, Z., Sünbül, M. G., & Baltacı, U. B. (2021). Investigation of the relationships between optimism, perceived social support, and hope. I.E.: Inquiry in Education, 13(1), Article 11. https://digitalcommons.nl.edu/ie/vol13/iss1/11
• Turner, R. J. (1981). Social support as a contingency in psychological well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22(4), 357–367. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136677
• Uchino, B. N. (2004). Social support and physical health: Understanding the health consequences of relationships. Yale University Press.
• Ungar, M. (2008). Resilience across cultures. British Journal of Social Work, 38(2), 218–235. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcl343
• Vinueza-Solórzano, A. M., Campoverde, R. E., Portalanza-Chavarría, C. A., de Freitas, C. P. P., Hutz, C. S., & Souza Vazquez, A. C. (2023). Adaptation and validation of the Adult Dispositional Hope Scale in the Ecuadorian context. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 36(1), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-023-00246-2
• Xiang, G., Teng, Z., Li, Q., Chen, H., & Guo, C. (2020). The influence of perceived social support on hope: A longitudinal study of older-aged adolescents in China. Children and Youth Services Review, 119, Article 105616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105616
• Xie, Q., & Wong, D. F. K. (2021). Culturally sensitive conceptualization of resilience: A multidimensional model of Chinese resilience. Transcultural Psychiatry, 58(3), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461520951306
• Xin, Y., Li, Q., & Liu, C. (2019). Adolescent self-esteem and social adaptation: Chain mediation of peer trust and perceived social support. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 47(4), Article e7870. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.7870
• Xu, Q., Li, S., & Yang, L. (2019). Perceived social support and mental health for college students in mainland China: The mediating effects of self-concept. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 24(5), 595–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2018.1549744
• Yang, Q., Shi, M., Sun, H., Hu, Y., & Zhu, C. (2015). Shehui zhichi dui liushou nongmin shenghuo manyidu de yingxiang: Xiwang gan de zhongjie zuoyong [Relationship between social support and life satisfaction of peasant at home: Hope as a mediator]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23(3), 534–537. https://caod.oriprobe.com/articles/46158654/Relationship_between_Social_Support_and_Life_Satis.htm
• Yıldırım, D., Akman, Ö., & Dokumacı, D. (2023). Perceived social support and psychological well-being in patients with chronic diseases. Balıkesir Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(1), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.53424/balikesirsbd.1202679
• Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2013). Psychological capital theory: Toward a positive holistic model. In A. B. Bakker (Ed.), Advances in positive organizational psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 145–166). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
• Yu, Y., Peng, L., Chen, L., Long, L., He, W., Li, M., & Wang, T. (2014). Resilience and social support promote posttraumatic growth of women with infertility: The mediating role of positive coping. Psychiatry Research, 215(2), 401–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.032
• Zheng, Y., Zakaria, E., Akhir, N., & Hassan, N. (2024). Resilience, dispositional hope, and psychological well-being among college students: A systematic review. The Open Psychology Journal, 17(1), Article e18743501327198. https://doi.org/10.2174/0118743501327198240918080833
• Zhou, J., & Ma, S. (2024). SPSSAU yanjiu shuju fenxi fangfa yu yingyong [SPSSAU research data analysis methods and applications] (1st ed.). Electronic Industry Press.
• Zhou, S. (2013). Shehui zhichi yu zhenshi xingfugan de guanxi: Xiwang de zhongjie zuoyong [The relationship between social support and authentic well-being: Hope as a mediator]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 21(3), 515–517. https://caod.oriprobe.com/articles/38810790/she_hui_zhi_chi_yu_zhen_shi_xing_fu_gan_de_guan_xi.htm
• Zhou, X., Zhu, H., Zhang, B., & Cai, T. (2013). Perceived social support as moderator of perfectionism, depression, and anxiety in college students. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 41(7), 1141–1152. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2013.41.7.1141
• Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
