Drivers of Food Waste Reduction Intention Among Indonesian Young Generation
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Solid waste management presents a significant challenge in Indonesia, with food waste accounting for 40.8% of all solid waste generated. The young generation is the largest producer of food waste compared to adults. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that consumer behavior is the main factor causing food waste in middle-income countries. Considering that the younger generation occupies 24.34% of Indonesia's population, this study aimed to analyze the determinants of food waste reduction intention among the young generation in Indonesia. The Extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with four new introductory variables was used as a theoretical framework to understand the intentions of the young generation in Indonesia regarding food waste reduction. Data was collected from the young generation spread across Indonesia through an online survey using questionnaires, which resulted in 340 respondents. Data were then analyzed using descriptive analysis and partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to test the conceptual model and hypotheses proposed. The results showed that perceived behavioral control (PBC), food consumption, level of religious knowledge, and level of knowledge significantly influence food waste reduction intention. Religious knowledge was the most influential predictor. This is in line with the nature of the Indonesian community, which is highly religious, and religion profoundly guides daily lives. Based on the results, this study recommended three practical implications for reducing food waste and is expected to contribute to ensuring food security and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
• Abu Hatab, A., Tirkaso, W. T., Tadesse, E., & Lagerkvist, C. J. (2022). An extended integrative model of behavioural prediction for examining households’ food waste behaviour in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 179(2022), Article 106073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106073
• Agarwala, R., Mishra, P., & Singh, R. (2019). Religiosity and consumer behavior: A summarizing review. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion, 16(1), 32–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2018.1495098
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
• Aktas, E., Sahin, H., Topaloglu, Z., Oledinma, A., Huda, A. K. S., Irani, Z., Sharif, A. M., van’t Wout, T., & Kamrava, M. (2018). A consumer behavioural approach to food waste. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 31(5), 658–673. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-03-2018-0051
• Attiq, S., Danish Habib, M., Kaur, P., Junaid Shahid Hasni, M., & Dhir, A. (2021). Drivers of food waste reduction behaviour in the household context. Food Quality and Preference, 94(2021), Article 104300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2021.104300
• Aydin, H., & Aydin, C. (2022). Investigating consumers’ food waste behaviors: An extended theory of planned behavior of Turkey sample. Cleaner Waste Systems, 3(2022), Article 100036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwas.2022.100036
• Azazz, A. M. S., & Elshaer, I. A. (2022). Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, social media usage and food waste intention: The role of excessive buying behavior and religiosity. Sustainability, 14(11), Article 6786. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116786
• Bhatti, S. H., Saleem, F., Zakariya, R., & Ahmad, A. (2023). The determinants of food waste behavior in young consumers in a developing country. British Food Journal, 125(6), 1953–1967. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-06-2019-0450
• Bravi, L., Francioni, B., Murmura, F., & Savelli, E. (2020). Factors affecting household food waste among young consumers and actions to prevent it. A comparison among UK, Spain and Italy. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 153(2020), Article 104586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104586
• Bravi, L., Murmura, F., Savelli, E., & Viganò, E. (2019). Motivations and actions to prevent food waste among young Italian consumers. Sustainability, 11(4), Article 1110. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041110
• Brodersen, R., McDermott, C., & Stefanick, J. (2019, April 25). Oregon wasted food study: Institutional and commercial sector case studies. Community Environmental Services. https://www.oregon.gov/deq/mm/Documents/ORWastedFoodStudyCommIntro-Concl.pdfs
• Cahyani, F. A., Wulandari, P., & Putri, N. A. (2022). Food waste management regulation in Indonesia to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 978(1), Article 012022. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/978/1/012022
• Cahyasita, D., Irham, & Jamhari. (2021). Intention to re-consume organic food: Sensory attributes, egoistic motive, and warm glow in the extended TPB. AIMS Agriculture and Food, 6(4), 891–919. https://doi.org/10.3934/AGRFOOD.2021054
• Cammarelle, A., Viscecchia, R., & Bimbo, F. (2021). Intention to purchase active and intelligent packaging to reduce household food waste: Evidence from Italian consumers. Sustainability, 13(8), Article 4486. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13084486
• Chaerul, M., & Zatadini, S. U. (2020). Perilaku membuang sampah makanan dan pengelolaan sampah makanan di berbagai negara: Review [Food waste behavior and food waste management in various countries: Review]. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 18(3), 455–466. https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.18.3.455-466
• Clement, J., Alenčikienė, G., Riipi, I., Starkutė, U., Čepytė, K., Buraitytė, A., Zabulionė, A., & Šalaševičienė, A. (2023). Exploring causes and potential solutions for food waste among young consumers. Foods, 12(2570), Article 2570. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12132570
• Coşkun, A., & Özbük, R. M. Y. (2020). What influences consumer food waste behavior in restaurants? An application of the extended theory of planned behavior. Waste Management, 117(2020), 170–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.011
• Delgado, C., & Smith, D. (2021, October). Global Hunger Index (GHI): Hunger and food systems in conflict settings. https://www.globalhungerindex.org/issues-in-focus/2021.html
• Dhar, A. R., Oita, A., & Matsubae, K. (2021). The effect of religious dietary cultures on food nitrogen and phosphorus footprints: A case study of India. Nutrients, 13(6), Article 1926. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061926
• Ellison, B., Savchenko, O., Nikolaus, C. J., & Duff, B. R. L. (2019). Every plate counts: Evaluation of a food waste reduction campaign in a university dining hall. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 144(2019), 276–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.01.046
• Elshaer, I., Sobaih, A. E. E., Alyahya, M., & Abu Elnasr, A. (2021). The impact of religiosity and food consumption culture on food waste intention in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 13(11), Article 6473. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116473
• Falasconi, L., Cicatiello, C., Franco, S., Segrè, A., Setti, M., & Vittuari, M. (2019). Such a shame! A study on self-perception of household food waste. Sustainability, 11(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11010270
• Ferronato, N., Rada, E. C., Gorritty Portillo, M. A., Cioca, L. I., Ragazzi, M., & Torretta, V. (2019). Introduction of the circular economy within developing regions: A comparative analysis of advantages and opportunities for waste valorization. Journal of Environmental Management, 230(2019), 366–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.095
• Ferronato, N., & Torretta, V. (2019). Waste mismanagement in developing countries: A review of global issues. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(1060), Article 1060. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061060
• Filimonau, V., Matute, J., Kubal-Czerwińska, M., Krzesiwo, K., & Mika, M. (2020). The determinants of consumer engagement in restaurant food waste mitigation in Poland: An exploratory study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 247, Article 119105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119105
• Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO]. (2011). Global food losses and food waste: Extent, causes and prevention. https://www.fao.org/sustainable-food-value-chains/library/details/en/c/266053/
• Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO]. (2013a). Food wastage footprint Impacts on natural resources: Summary report. https://www.fao.org/sustainable-food-value-chains/library/details/en/c/266219/
• Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO]. (2013b). The state of food insecurity in the world: The multiple dimensions of food security. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3927780?v=pdf
• Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO]. (2014, February 27). Definitional framework of food loss. http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/save-food/PDF/FLW_Definition_and_Scope_2014.pdf
• Fornell, C., & Lacker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
• Fοx, D., Ioannidi, E., Sun, Y.-T., Jape, V. W., Bawono, W. R., Zhang, S., & Perez-Cueto, F. J. A. (2018). Consumers with high education levels belonging to the millennial generation from Denmark, Greece, Indonesia and Taiwan differ in the level of knowledge on food waste. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 11(2018), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2017.11.005
• Ghinea, C., & Ghiuta, O. A. (2019). Household food waste generation: Young consumers behaviour, habits and attitudes. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(5), 2185–2200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1853-1
• Ghozali, I., & Latan, H. (2015). Partial least squares: Konsep, teknik, dan aplikasi menggunakan program Smart PLS 3.0 [Partial least squares: Concepts, techniques, and applications using the Smart PLS 3.0 program]. Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro.
• Gokarn, S., Kushwah, S., Khaba, S., Choudhary, A., & Rosaline, S. (2023). Young consumers’ food waste reduction behaviour in a developing nation: Extending the theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, 18(3), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00003-023-01443-y
• Graham-Rowe, E., Jessop, D. C., & Sparks, P. (2015). Predicting household food waste reduction using an extended theory of planned behaviour. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 101(2015), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.05.020
• Habib, M. D., Kaur, P., Sharma, V., & Talwar, S. (2023). Analyzing the food waste reduction intentions of UK households. A value-attitude-behavior (VAB) theory perspective. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 75(2023), Article 103486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103486
• Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
• Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M., & Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 40(3), 414–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-011-0261-6
• Heidari, A., Mirzaii, F., Rahnama, M., & Alidoost, F. (2019). A theoretical framework for explaining the determinants of food waste reduction in residential households: A case study of Mashhad, Iran. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 6774–6784. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06518-8
• Hoornweg, D., Tata, P. B., & Kennedy, C. (2013). Waste production must peak this century. Nature International Weekly Journal of Science, 502, 615–617. https://doi.org/10.1038/502615a
• Jia, L., Zhang, Y., & Qiao, G. (2022). Consumer-related antecedents of waste behavior in online food ordering: A study among young adults in China. Foods, 11(19), Article 3098. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11193098
• Kim, J., Rundle-Thiele, S., Knox, K., Burke, K., & Bogomolova, S. (2020). Consumer perspectives on household food waste reduction campaigns. Journal of Cleaner Production, 243(2020), Article 118608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118608
• Kusumaningtiar, D. A., Vionalita, G., & Swamilaksita, P. D. (2022). Household solid waste management and composition in Bekasi, Indonesia. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(E), 1472–1475. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9884
• Kymäläinen, T., Seisto, A., & Malila, R. (2021). Generation Z food waste, diet and consumption habits: A Finnish social design study with future consumers. Sustainability, 13(4), Article 2124. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042124
• Lemy, D. M., Rahardja, A., & Kilya, C. S. (2021). Generation Z awareness on food waste issues (A study in Tangerang, Indonesia). Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism, 6(2), 329–337. https://doi.org/10.22334/jbhost.v6i2.255
• Li, S., Liu, X. xiao, Cai, S., & Scott, N. (2020). Vegan tours in China: Motivation and benefits. International Journal of Tourism Research, 23(2), 238–252. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2401
• Liu, C., & Nguyen, T. T. (2020). Evaluation of household food waste generation in Hanoi and policy implications towards SDGs Target 12.3. Sustainability, 12(16), Article 6565. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166565
• Loehlin, J. C., & Beaujean, A. A. (2017). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis (5th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315643199
• Long, F., Aziz, N. A., Chia, K. W., & Zhang, H. (2024). Clear your plate! The impact of cultural values and social influences on intention to reduce food waste among Malaysian consumers. Cogent Business and Management, 11(1), Article 2321796. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2321796
• Martin-Rios, C., Demen-Meier, C., Gössling, S., & Cornuz, C. (2018). Food waste management innovations in the food service industry. Waste Management, 79(2018), 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.033
• Ministry of Environment and Forestry [MoEF]. (2022). Laporan Kinerja Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK) 2022 [Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) Performance Report 2022]. https://www.menlhk.go.id/work-plan/lkj-klhk-2022/
• Ministry of Environment and Forestry [MoEF]. (2023). Laporan Kinerja Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan 2023 [Ministry of Environment and Forestry Performance Report 2023]. https://www.menlhk.go.id/work-plan/laporan-kinerja-2023-klhk/
• Ministry of National Development Planning [BAPPENAS]. (2021). Food loss and waste di Indonesia dalam rangka mendukung penerapan ekonomi sirkular dan pembangunan rendah karbon [Food loss and food waste in Indonesia supporting the implementation of circular economy and low carbon development]. https://lcdi-indonesia.id/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Report-Kajian-FLW-FINAL-4.pdf
• Ministry of Youth and Sports Republic of Indonesia. (2017, May 2). Peraturan Menteri Pemuda dan Olahraga Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2017 [Regulation of the Minister of Youth and Sports of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2017]. https://peraturan.go.id/id/permenpora-no-11-tahun-2017
• Mondéjar-Jiménez, J. A., Ferrari, G., Secondi, L., & Principato, L. (2016). From the table to waste: An exploratory study on behaviour towards food waste of Spanish and Italian youths. Journal of Cleaner Production, 138(2016), 8–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.018
• Monecke, A., & Leisch, F. (2012). semPLS: Structural equation modeling using partial least square. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(3), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i03
• Mulyo, J. H., Sugiyarto, Perwitasari, H., Widada, A. W., Rohmah, F., & Perdana, P. (2021). Do young families tend to waste their food? IConARD 2021, 316, Article 02027. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131602027
• Mulyo, J. H., Widada, A. W., Perwitasari, H., Sugiyarto, & Rohmah, F. (2022). The effect of food consumption management on the reduction of food waste in Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1005(1), Article 012025. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1005/1/012025
• Mumuni, A. G., Veeck, A., Luqmani, M., Quraeshi, Z. A., & Kamarulzaman, Y. (2018). Religious identity, community, and religious minorities search for religiously-sanctioned food: The case of halal food in non-Muslim majority markets. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 42(6), 586–598. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12423
• National Waste Management Information System. (2023). Capaian kinerja pengelolaan sampah [Waste management performance achievements]. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup Dan Kehutanan. Retrieved April 9, 2024 from https://sipsn.menlhk.go.id/sipsn/
• Niri, S. A. M. H. (2021). Food health in the view of Islam. Journal of Nutrition and Food Security, 6(3), 262–271. https://doi.org/10.18502/jnfs.v6i3.6833
• Özbük, R. M. Y., Coşkun, A., & Filimonau, V. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 on food management in households of an emerging economy. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 82(2022), Article 101094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2021.101094
• Pantouvakis, A., & Psomas, E. (2016). Exploring total quality management applications under uncertainty: A research agenda for the shipping industry. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 18(4), 496–512. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/mel.2015.6
• Phasha, L., Molelekwa, G. F., Mokgobu, M. I., Morodi, T. J., Mokoena, M. M., & Mudau, L. S. (2020). Influence of cultural practices on food waste in South Africa - A review. Journal of Ethnic Foods, 7(37), Article 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-020-00066-0
• Pinto, R. S., Pinto, R. M. dos S., Melo, F. F. S., Campos, S. S., & Cordovil, C. M. dos S. (2018). A simple awareness campaign to promote food waste reduction in a university canteen. Waste Management, 76(2018), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.02.044
• Piselli, D., Loni, S. S., Colyard, K., & Nordquist, S. (2019). The role of youth in achieving the SDGs: Supporting youth-led solutions for sustainable food systems. In R. Valentini, M. Antonelli, J. L. Sievenpiper, & K. Dembska (Eds.), Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals through sustainable food systems (pp. 229–245). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23969-5
• Principato, L., Secondi, L., & Pratesi, C. A. (2015). Reducing food waste: An investigation on the behavior of Italian youths. British Food Journal, 117(2), 731–748. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-10-2013-0314
• Qian, L., Li, F., Zhao, X., Liu, H., & Liu, X. (2022). The association between religious beliefs and food waste: Evidence from Chinese rural households. Sustainability, 14(14), Article 8555. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148555
• Quested, T. E., Marsh, E., Stunell, D., & Parry, A. D. (2013). Spaghetti soup: The complex world of food waste behaviours. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 79(2013), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.04.011
• Radzymińska, M., Jakubowska, D., & Staniewska, K. (2016). Consumer attitude and behaviour towards food waste. Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development, 10(1), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.17306/jard.2016.20
• Richter, B. (2017). Knowledge and perception of food waste among German consumers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 166(2017), 641–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.009
• Russell, S. V., Young, C. W., Unsworth, K. L., & Robinson, C. (2017). Bringing habits and emotions into food waste behaviour. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 125(2017), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.06.007
• Schanes, K., Dobernig, K., & Gözet, B. (2018). Food waste matters - A systematic review of household food waste practices and their policy implications. Journal of Cleaner Production, 182(2018), 978–991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.030
• Selahudin, N. F., Salleh, S. M., Azman, N. A. N. N., & Mohaiyadin, N. M. (2020). Food waste self-reported behavior: An investigation among Malaysian youth. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 12(4), 130–138. http://www.gbmrjournal.com/pdf/v12n4/V12N4-12.pdf
• Sia Niha, S., Lopes Amaral, M. A., & Tisu, R. (2022). Factors Influencing Behavior to Reducing Household Food Waste in Indonesia. Kinerja, 26(1), 125–136. https://doi.org/10.24002/kinerja.v26i1.5493
• Siaputra, H., Chealsea, N., & Angela, M. (2022). Pengaruh konsumsi makanan generasi Z terhadap niat untuk pengurangan limbah makanan restoran di Surabaya [The influence of Generation Z food consumption on intentions to reduce restaurant food waste in Surabaya]. Jurnal Manajemen Perhotelan, 8(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.9744/jmp.8.1.14-25
• Sobaih, A. E. E. (2023). Excessive food buying in Saudi Arabia amid COVID-19: Examining the effects of perceived severity, religiosity, consumption culture and attitude toward behavior. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), Article 3126. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043126
• Sobian, A. (2022). Household food waste reduction: An Islamic perspective. Journal of Islam and the Contemporary World, 15(2), 89–109. https://doi.org/10.56389/tafhim.vol15no2.4
• Soorani, F., & Ahmadvand, M. (2019). Determinants of consumers’ food management behavior: Applying and extending the theory of planned behavior. Waste Management, 98, 151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.08.025
• Stancu, V., Haugaard, P., & Lähteenmäki, L. (2015). Determinants of consumer food waste behaviour: Two routes to food waste. Appetite, 96(2016), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.08.025
• Statistics Indonesia [BPS]. (2022a, February 7). Jumlah penduduk menurut kelompok umur dan jenis kelamin, 2021 [Population by age group and gender, 2021]. https://www.bps.go.id/en/statistics-table/3/WVc0MGEyMXBkVFUxY25KeE9HdDZkbTQzWkVkb1p6MDkjMw==/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-kelompok-umur-dan-jenis-kelamin--2020.html?year=2021
• Statistics Indonesia [BPS]. (2022b, November 30). Statistik lingkungan hidup Indonesia 2022 [Indonesia environmental statistics 2022]. https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2022/11/30/eb06d1c8e37285cac10c3086/statistik-lingkungan-hidup-indonesia-2022.html
• Stefan, V., van Herpen, E., Tudoran, A. A., & Lähteenmäki, L. (2013). Avoiding food waste by Romanian consumers: The importance of planning and shopping routines. Food Quality and Preference, 28(1), 375–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.11.001
• Susilo, D., De Leon, M. V., Dwi Putranto, T., & Kurnia Hartati, F. (2021). Food waste handling perception in Indonesia: Communicating the sustainability of Food and environment. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 892(1), Article 012109. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/892/1/012109
• T’ing, L. C., Moorthy, K., Gunasaygaran, N., Sek Li, C., Omapathi, D., Jia Yi, H., Anandan, K., & Sivakumar, K. (2021). Intention to reduce food waste: A study among Malaysians. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 71(7), 890–905. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2021.1900001
• Tarczyńska, A. S., Malinowska, E., & Urbanowicz, A. (2023). Attitudes and behaviours of young consumers towards wasting food: Case study based on Polish students. Sustainability, 15(4), Article 3328. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043328
• Teoh, C. W., Koay, K. Y., & Chai, P. S. (2021). The role of social media in food waste prevention behaviour. British Food Journal, 124(5), 1680–1696. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-04-2021-0368
• Thompson, B., Toma, L., Barnes, A. P., & Revoredo-Giha, C. (2020). Date-label use and the waste of dairy products by consumers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 247(2020), Article 119174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119174
• Tsai, W. C., Chen, X., & Yang, C. (2020). Consumer food waste behavior among emerging adults: Evidence from China. Foods, 9(961), Article 961. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9070961
• Tuhin, M. K. W., Miraz, M. H., Habib, M. M., & Alam, M. M. (2022). Strengthening consumers’ halal buying behaviour: Role of attitude, religiosity and personal norm. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 13(3), 671–687. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-07-2020-0220
• United Nations Environment Programme [UNEP]. (2021). Food waste index report 2021. https://www.unep.org/resources/report/unep-food-waste-index-report-2021
• van der Werf, P., Seabrook, J. A., & Gilliland, J. A. (2019). Food for naught: Using the theory of planned behaviour to better understand household food wasting behaviour. Canadian Geographer, 63(3), 478–493. https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12519
• Visschers, V. H. M., Wickli, N., & Siegrist, M. (2016). Sorting out food waste behaviour: A survey on the motivators and barriers of self-reported amounts of food waste in households. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 45(2016), 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.11.007
• Wajon, E., & Richter, J. (2019). Students’ intention to reduce food waste an approach with an extended version of the theory of planned behavior [Master’s thesis]. Uppsala University. DIVA. http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1335458&dswid=2909
• Waluyo, & Kharisma, D. B. (2023). Circular economy and food waste problems in Indonesia: Lessons from the policies of leading Countries. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1), Article 2202938. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2202938
• Werf, P. van der, Seabrook, J. A., & Gilliland, J. A. (2020). Food for thought: Comparing self-reported versus curbside measurements of household food wasting behavior and the predictive capacity of behavioral determinants. Waste Management, 101(2020), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.09.032
• Woods, A. T., Velasco, C., Levitan, C. A., Wan, X., & Spence, C. (2015). Conducting perception research over the internet: A tutorial review. PeerJ, 2015(7), Article e1058. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1058
• Yagoub, M. M., Al Hosani, N., AlSumaiti, T., Kortbi, O., Alshehhi, A. A., Aldhanhani, S. R., & Albedwawi, S. A. (2022). University students’ perceptions of food waste in the UAE. Sustainability, 14(18), Article 11196. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811196
• Zeng, N., Liu, Y., Gong, P., Hertogh, M., & König, M. (2021). Do right PLS and do PLS right: A critical review of the application of PLS-SEM in construction management research. Frontiers of Engineering Management, 8(3), 356–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42524-021-0153-5
• Zhang, J., Ye, H., Bhatt, S., Jeong, H., Deutsch, J., Ayaz, H., & Suri, R. (2020). Addressing food waste: How to position upcycled foods to different generations. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 20(2), 242–250. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1844