Remapping Internal Migration: How Complex Are Indonesian Migration Trajectories?

Main Article Content

Nanang Widaryoko
Sukamdi
Agus Joko Pitoyo

Abstract

Most conventional perspectives depict internal migration as a simple one-step process. Indeed, it simplifies complex migration patterns while concealing the diversity of migration dynamics throughout the life course. This study looks into the possibility of other types of migration in Indonesia besides one-way movement. Using sequence analysis on longitudinal data, we identify complex migration trajectories among Indonesians aged 12 to 50. Multinomial regression analysis confirmed that specific migration trajectories are associated with specific sociodemographic characteristics. This finding implies that migration takes a variety of paths and constantly evolves.

Article Details

How to Cite
Widaryoko, N., Sukamdi, & Pitoyo, A. J. (2023). Remapping Internal Migration: How Complex Are Indonesian Migration Trajectories?. Journal of Population and Social Studies [JPSS], 32, 56–77. Retrieved from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jpss/article/view/266966
Section
Research Articles
Author Biography

Sukamdi, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Corresponding author

References

• Aassve, A., Billari, F. C., & Piccarreta, R. (2007). Strings of adulthood: A sequence analysis of young British Women’s work-family trajectories. European Journal of Population, 23(3–4), 369–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-007-9134-6

• Abbott, A., & Tsay, A. (2000). Sequence analysis and optimal matching methods in sociology: Review and prospect. Sociological Methods and Research, 29(1), 3–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124100029001001

• Agrawal, S. K. (2016). Twice migrants in Canada: Who are they, and how do they perform economically? Journal of International Migration and Integration, 17(3), 669–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-015-0428-y

• Ahrens, J., Kelly, M., & Van Liempt, I. (2016). Free movement? The onward migration of EU citizens born in Somalia, Iran, and Nigeria. Population, Space and Place, 22(1), 84–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1869

• Akhmad, F., Utomo, A., & Dressler, W. (2022). From farm to the city? Understanding the motives of entrepreneurial Javanese migration to an Indonesian outer island. Migration Studies, 10(4), 722–745. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnac026

• Alabshar, N., Giyarsih, S. R., & Pitoyo, A. J. (2020). Factors influencing the prosperity of migrants in Indonesia. Solid State Technology, 63(3), 4358–4372.

• Ananta, A. (2020, November 14). Going nowhere, being everywhere: An emerging pattern of population mobility. The Newsletter Mahidol Migration Center, 7, 8. http://www.migrationcenter.mahidol.ac.th/download_newsletter/MMC_Newsletter_Vol.7.pdf

• Ananta, A. (2021). Prospek mega-demografi Menuju Indonesia Emas 2045 [The outlook of mega-demography toward Indonesian Golden Era 2045]. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, 15(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.14203/jki.v15i2.604

• Ananta, A., & Arifin, E. N. (2014). Emerging patterns of Indonesia’s international migration. Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies, 51(1), 29–41. https://mjes.um.edu.my/index.php/MJES/article/view/2817

• Ananta, A., Arifin, E. N., Purbowati, A., & Carnegie, P. J. (2023). Does diversity matter for development? New evidence of ethnic diversity’s mediation between internal migration and economic growth across Indonesia’s regions. Journal of Population Research, 40(3), Article 13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-023-09304-z

• Astiarani, Y. (2020). Internal migration in Indonesia and its impact on Covid-19. Global Asia, 15(3), 51–54. https://www.globalasia.org/v15no3/cover/internal-migration-in-indonesia-and-its-impact-on-covid-19_yunisa-astiarani

• Auwalin, I. (2020). Ethnic identity and internal migration decision in Indonesia. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(13), 2841–2861. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1561252

• Baldwin, R. (2016). The great convergence: Information technology and the new globalization. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

• Bazzi, S., Gaduh, A., Rothenberg, A. D., & Wong, M. (2019). Unity in diversity? How intergroup contact can foster nation building (NBER Working Paper No. 25683). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w25683

• Bernard, A. (2022). Sequence analysis of lifetime internal migration trajectories: Onward, return, and circular migration. In S. M. Lynch (Ed.), Internal migration as life-course trajectory: Concepts, methods and empirical applications (pp. 133–146). Springer.

• Bernard, A., Bell, M., & Charles-Edwards, E. (2014). Life-course transitions and the age profile of internal migration. Population and Development Review, 40(2), 213–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2014.00671.x

• Bijwaard, G. E., & Wahba, J. (2022). Return versus onward migration: Go back or move on? Review of Income and Wealth, 69(3), 640–667. https://doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12590

• Billari, F. C. (2001). The analysis of early life courses: Complex descriptions of the transition to adulthood. Journal of Population Research, 18(2), 119–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03031885

• Borualogo, I. S., & Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2016). Values and migration motives in three ethnic groups in Indonesia. In C. Roland-Lévy, P. Denoux, B. Voyer, P. Boski, & W. K. Gabrenya Jr. (Eds.), Unity, diversity and culture. Proceedings from the 22nd Congress of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (pp. 252–260). https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/iaccp_papers/191

• Brzinsky-Fay, C., Kohler, U., & Luniak, M. (2006). Sequence analysis with Stata. Stata Journal, 6(4), 435–460. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0600600401

• Castagnone, E. (2011). Transit migration: A piece of the complex mobility puzzle. The case of Senegalese migration. Cahiers de l’Urmis, 13, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.4000/urmis.927

• Castles, S. (2010). Understanding global migration: A social transformation perspective. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(10), 1565–1586. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2010.489381

• Cattaneo, A., & Robinson, S. (2020). Multiple moves and return migration within developing countries: A comparative analysis. Population, Space and Place, 26(7), Article e2335. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2335

• Chant, S. (1997). Households, gender and rural-urban migration: Reflections on linkages and considerations for policy. Environment and Urbanization, 10(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1630/095624798101284437

• Chen, Z., Lu, Y., & Treiman, D. J. (2021). Determinants and consequences of rural-to-urban migration patterns in China: Evidence from sequence analysis. Population, Space and Place, 28, Article e2493. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2493

• Ciobanu, R. O. (2015). Multiple migration flows of Romanians. Mobilities, 10(3), 466–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2013.863498

• Collyer, M. (2007). In-between places: Trans-Saharan transit migrants in Morocco and the fragmented journey to Europe. Antipode, 39(4), 668–690. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00546.x

• Collyer, M., & De Haas, H. (2012). Developing dynamic categorisations of transit migration. Population, Space and Place, 18(4), 468–481. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.635

• Courgeau, D. (1985). Interaction between spatial mobility, family and career life-cycle: A French survey. European Sociological Review, 1(2), 139–162. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a036382

• Cornish, L. N. (2014, January 25). Australia’s migrants leaving their new home in search of a better life. news.com.au. https://www.news.com.au/australias-migrants-leaving-their-new-home-in-search-of-a-better-life/news-story/b36bc38fb4ff61ea419705178df57ce4

• DaVanzo, J. (1983). Repeat migration in the United States : Who moves back and who moves on? The Review of Economics and Statistics, 65(4), 552–559. https://doi.org/10.2307/1935923

• Deb, P., & Seck, P. (2009). Internal migration, selection bias and human development: Evidence from Indonesia and Mexico (Human Development Research Paper 2009/31). United Nations Development Programme. https://hdr.undp.org/content/internal-migration-selection-bias-and-human-development

• Della Puppa, F. (2018). Multiple migrations and intra-European mobilities of Italian naturalized migrants. Revista de Cercetare Si Interventie Sociala, 61, 91–103. https://www.rcis.ro/en/section1/149-volumul-612018iunie/2451-multiple-migrations-and-intra-european-mobilities-of-italian-naturalized-migrants.html

• Della Puppa, F., & King, R. (2019). The new ‘twice migrants’: Motivations, experiences and disillusionments of Italian-Bangladeshis relocating to London. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(11), 1936–1952. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1438251

• Devoretz, D. J., & Zhang, K. (2004). Citizenship, passports and the brain exchange triangle. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 6(2), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/1387698042000273488

• Elzinga, C. H., & Liefbroer, A. C. (2007). De-standardization of family-life trajectories of young adults: A cross-national comparison using sequence analysis. European Journal of Population, 23(3–4), 225–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-007-9133-7

• Erdal, M. B. (2021). Migrants’ multifocal sedentarism: Ambivalent belonging and desired recognition in transnational social fields connecting Pakistan and Norway. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 42(5), 643–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2021.1971167

• Giordano, C. (2010). Paradigms of migration: From integration to transnationalism. Culture & Society, 1(1), 11–27. http://culturesociety.vdu.lt/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/1.-Christiano-Giordano-Paradigms-of-Migration-From-Integration-to-Transnationalism.pdf

• Heriyanti, L. (2020). Sejarah migrasi dan eksistensi migran etnis Bugis di perantauan [History of migration and the existence of Bugis ethnic migrants overseas]. Jurnal Masyarakat Dan Budaya, 22(3), 77–95. https://doi.org/10.14203/jmb.v22i3.787

• Hugo, G. (2006). Forced migration in Indonesia: Historical perspectives. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 15(1), 53–92. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719680601500104

• Hugo, G. (2015). Demography of race and ethnicity in Indonesia. In R. Sáenz, D. Embrick, & N. Rodríguez (Eds.), The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity (pp. 259–280). Springer.

• Hugo, G. J. (1982). Circular migration in Indonesia. Population and Development Review, 8(1), 59–83. https://doi.org/10.2307/1972690

• Impicciatore, R., & Panichella, N. (2019). Internal migration trajectories, occupational achievement and social mobility in contemporary Italy. A life course perspective. Population, Space and Place, 25(6), Article e2240. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2240

• Kastner, K. (2010). Moving relationships: Family ties of Nigerian migrants on their way to Europe. African and Black Diaspora, 3(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/17528630903319813

• King, R. (2002). Towards a new map of European migration. International Journal of Population Geography, 8(2), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijpg.246

• Kleinepier, T., de Valk, H. A. G., & van Gaalen, R. (2015). Life paths of migrants: A sequence analysis of Polish migrants’ family life trajectories. European Journal of Population, 31(2), 155–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-015-9345-1

• Konadu-Agyemang, K. (1999). Characteristics and migration experience of Africans in Canada with specific reference to Ghanaians in Greater Toronto. Canadian Geographer, 43(4), 400–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1999.tb01397.x

• Lewis, W. A. (1954). Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour. The Manchester School, 22(2), 139–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x

• Lineton, J. (1975). Pasompe’ Ugi’: Bugis migrants and wanderers. Archipel, 10(1), 173–201. https://doi.org/10.3406/arch.1975.1248

• Marta, J., Fauzi, A., Juanda, B., & Rustiadi, E. (2020). Understanding migration motives and its impact on household welfare: evidence from rural-urban migration in Indonesia. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 7(1), 118–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2020.1746194

• Mas Giralt, R. (2016). Onward migration as a coping strategy? Latin Americans moving from Spain to the UK Post-2008. Population, Space and Place, 23(3), Article e2017. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2017

• Muhidin, S. (2014). Migration patterns: People on the move. In H. Hill (Ed.), Regional dynamics in a decentralized Indonesia (pp. 309–333). ISEAS Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814519175-020

• Mulder, C. H., & Wagner, M. (1993). Migration and marriage in the life course: A method for studying synchronized events. European Journal of Population, 9(1), 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01267901

• Needleman, S. B., & Wunsch, C. D. (1970). A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequence of two proteins. Molecular Biology, 48, 443–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-131200-8.50031-9

• Nekby, L. (2006). The emigration of immigrants, return vs onward migration: Evidence from Sweden. Journal of Population Economics, 19(2), 197–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-006-0080-0

• Newbold, K. B., & Cicchino, S. (2007). Inter-regional return and onwards migration in Canada: Evidence based on a micro-regional analysis. Canadian Journal of Regional Science, 30(2), 211–226. https://idjs.ca/images/rcsr/archives/V30N2-NEWBOLD.pdf

• Ossman, S. (2004). Studies in serial migration. International Migration, 42(4), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-7985.2004.00297.x

• Pardede, E. L., McCann, P., & Venhorst, V. (2016). Step-wise migration : Evidence from Indonesia. European Population Conference 2016, Mainz, Germany. https://epc2016.eaps.nl/abstracts/160127

• Pardede, E. L., McCann, P., & Venhorst, V. A. (2020). Internal migration in Indonesia: New insights from longitudinal data. Asian Population Studies, 16(3), 287–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2020.1774139

• Pardede, E. L., & Mulder, C. H. (2022). The roles of family resources and family structure in moving from the parental home and village among young Indonesians. Population, Space and Place, 28(1), Article e2535. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2535

• Paul, A. M. (2011). Stepwise international migration: A multistage migration pattern for the aspiring migrant. American Journal of Sociology, 116(6), 1842–1886. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/659641

• Paul, A. M. (2015). Capital and mobility in the stepwise international migrations of Filipino migrant domestic workers. Migration Studies, 3(3), 438–459. https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnv014

• Paul, A. M., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2021). Studying multinational migrations, speaking back to migration theory. Global Networks, 21(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12282

• Piccarreta, R., & Billari, F. C. (2007). Clustering work and family trajectories by using a divisive algorithm. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A: Statistics in Society, 170(4), 1061–1078. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985X.2007.00495.x

• Pitoyo, A. J. (2018). Working in the global world: Looking for more modern workplace overseas. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 148, Article 012011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/148/1/012011

• Pohan, H. M., & Izharivan, Y. (2017). Inside the Indonesian migration: A historical perspective. Jurnal Manajemen Maranatha, 16(2), 133–212. https://doi.org/10.28932/jmm.v16i2.385

• Pollock, G. (2007). Holistic trajectories : A study of combined employment, housing and family careers by using multiple-sequence analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, 170(1), 167–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-985X.2006.00450.x

• Ramos, C. (2018). Onward migration from Spain to London in times of crisis: The importance of life-course junctures in secondary migrations. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 44(11), 1841–1857. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2017.1368372

• Ravenstein, E. (1885). The laws of migration. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 48(2), 167–235. https://doi.org/10.2307/2979181

• Ravenstein, E. (1889). The laws of migration. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 52(2), 241–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2397-2335.1889.tb00043.x

• Salamońska, J. (2017). Multiple migration: Researching the multiple temporalities and spatialities of migration (CMR Working Paper, 102/160). University of Warsaw, Centre of Migration Research (CMR). http://hdl.handle.net/10419/180967

• Salamońska, J., & Czeranowska, O. (2021). Mapping the diversity and structuring of migration patterns: One-off, repeat and multiple migrants in the European Union. International Migration, 59(6), 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12887

• Salazar, N. B. (2016). The (im)mobility of Merantau as a sociocultural practice in Indonesia. In N. G. Bon & J. Repič (Eds.), Moving places: Relations, return and belonging (1st ed., Vol. 29, pp. 21–42). Berghahn Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvr694z4.4

• Sandefur, G. D., & Scott, W. J. (1981). A dynamic analysis of migration: An assessment of the effects of age, family and career variables. Demography, 18(3), 355–368. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061003

• Schapendonk, J. (2012). Turbulent trajectories: African migrants on their way to the European Union. Societies, 2(2), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc2020027

• Schapendonk, J., & Steel, G. (2014). Following migrant trajectories: The im/mobility of sub-Saharan Africans en Route to the European Union. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 104(2), 262–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.862135

• Sheller, M., & Urry, J. (2006). The new mobilities paradigm. Environment and Planning A, 38(2), 207–226. https://doi.org/10.1068/a37268

• Silvestre, J., & Reher, D. S. (2014). The internal migration of immigrants: Differences between one-time and multiple movers in Spain. Population, Space and Place, 20(1), 50–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.1755

• Skeldon, R. (1990). Population mobility in developing countries. A reinterpretation. Belhaven Press.

• Statistics Indonesia (Badan Pusat Statistik [BPS]). (2016, November 30). Profil Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Supas 2015 [Indonesian Population Profile 2015 Supas Results]. https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2016/11/30/63daa471092bb2cb7c1fada6/profil-penduduk-indonesia-hasil-supas-2015.html

• Sukamdi, & Mujahid, G. (2015, September). Internal migration in Indonesia. UNFPA Indonesia. http://indonesia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/FA_Isi_BUKU_Monograph_Internal_Migration_ENG.pdf

• Takenaka, A. (2007, April 26). Secondary Migration: Who re-migrates and why these migrants matter. Migration Information Source. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/secondary-migration-who-re-migrates-and-why-these-migrants-matter

• Tirtosudarmo, R. (2009). Mobility and human development in Indonesia (Human Development Research Paper 2009/19). United Nations Development Programme. https://hdr.undp.org/content/mobility-and-human-development-indonesia

• Tirtosudarmo, R. (2018). The politics of migration in Indonesia and beyond. Springer.

• Todaro, M. P. (1969). A model of labor migration and urban unemployment in less developed countries. The American Economic Review, 59(1), 138–148.

• Todaro, M. P. (1976). Migration and economic development: A review of theory, evidence, methodology, and research priorities. Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi.

• Toma, S., & Castagnone, E. (2015). What drives onward mobility within Europe? The case of Senegalese migrations between France, Italy and Spain. Population, 70(1), 65–95. https://doi.org/10.3917/popu.1501.0069

• van Lottum, J., & Marks, D. (2012). The determinants of internal migration in a developing country: Quantitative evidence for Indonesia, 1930-2000. Applied Economics, 44(34), 4485–4494. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.591735

• Vidal, S., Lersch, P. M., Jacob, M., & Hank, K. (2020). Interdependencies in mothers’ and daughters’ work-family life course trajectories: Similar but different? Demography, 57(4), 1483–1511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-020-00899-z

• Wajdi, N., Mulder, C. H., & Adioetomo, S. M. (2017). Inter-regional migration in Indonesia: A micro approach. Journal of Population Research, 34(3), 253–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-017-9191-6

• Wardani. (2007). Madam Ka Banua Urang (Beberapa catatan awal tentang migrasi suku Banjar, proses, dan penyebarannya) [Madam Ka Banua Urang (Some initial notes about the migration of the Banjar tribe, the process, and its distribution)]. Jurnal Kebudayaan Kandil, 14(5), 51–75.

• Wekke, I. S., Ladiqi, S., & Bustami, R. (2019). Bugis and Madura Migration in Nusantara: Religiosity, harmony, and identity from Eastern Indonesia. Ulul Albab Jurnal Studi Islam, 20(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.18860/ua.v20i1.4902

• Williams, C. P. (2007). Maiden Voyages: Eastern Indonesian Women on the Move. ISEAS Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1355/9789812305688

• Yang, M., Dijst, M., & Helbich, M. (2020). Migration trajectories and their relationship to mental health among internal migrants in urban China: A sequence alignment approach. Population, Space and Place, 26(5), Article e2304. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2304

• Zelinsky, W. (1971). The hypothesis of the mobility transition. Geographical Review, 61(2), 219–249. https://doi.org/10.2307/213996

• Zufferey, J. (2019). Who are the serial movers? Sociodemographic profiles and reasons to migrate to Switzerland among multiple international migrants. In I. Steiner & P. Wanner (Eds.), Migrants and expats: The Swiss migration and mobility nexus. IMISCOE Research Series (pp. 83–100). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05671-1_4

• Zufferey, J., Steiner, I., & Ruedin, D. (2021). The many forms of multiple migrations: Evidence from a sequence analysis in Switzerland, 1998 to 2008. International Migration Review, 55(1), 254–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918320914239