Grandparenting and Intergenerational Solidarity in Singapore

Main Article Content

Sreeja Narayanankutty
Premchand Dommaraju

Abstract

Demographic, social, and structural changes are transforming intergenerational relationships and aging experiences in Asia. While multigenerational families have increased and the duration of grandparenting has lengthened, multigenerational households have declined. Grandparents are increasingly embedded in multigenerational support, care, and reciprocal relationships. The paper examines cognitive and affective dimensions of intergenerational solidarity and ambivalence through the lens of grandparenting using qualitative data from the city-state of Singapore. The findings show that grandparents cherish their relationships with their grandchildren. Grandparents phrased their relationships in terms of affection rather than obligation and duties. Also, not co-residing has not weakened the bonds between generations. Another finding is the strong norm among grandparents of not interfering in the lives of their children and grandchildren but being available for them.

Article Details

How to Cite
Narayanankutty, S., & Dommaraju, P. (2022). Grandparenting and Intergenerational Solidarity in Singapore. Journal of Population and Social Studies [JPSS], 31, 271–285. Retrieved from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jpss/article/view/259872
Section
Research Articles
Author Biography

Premchand Dommaraju, Sociology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Corresponding author

References

• Bates, J. S., & Taylor, A. C. (2013). Taking stock of theory in grandparent studies. In M. A. Fine & F. D. Fincham (Eds.), Handbook of family theories: A content-based approach (pp. 51–70). Psychology Press.

• Bengtson, V., Giarrusso, R., Mabry, J. B., & Silverstein, M. (2002). Solidarity, conflict, and ambivalence: Complementary or competing perspectives on intergenerational relationships? Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(3), 568–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00568.x

• Bengtson, V. L. (2001). Beyond the nuclear family: The increasing importance of multigenerational bonds. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00001.x

• Bengtson, V. L., & Schrader, S. S. (1982). Parent-child relations. In D. J. Mangen & W. A. Peterson (Eds.), Social roles and social participation (Vol. 2, pp. 115–128). University of Minnesota Press.

• Carr, D., & Utz, R. L. (2020). Families in later life: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 346–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12609

• Chen, M., & Yip, P. S. F. (2018). Decomposing the crude divorce rate in five countries: Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, the UK, and Australia. Asian Population Studies, 14(2), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2018.1452380

• Clarke, L., & Roberts, C. (2004). The meaning of grandparenthood and its contribution to the quality of life of older people. In A. Walker & C. H. Hennessy (Eds.), Growing older: Quality of life in old age (pp. 188–208). Open University Press.

• Connidis, I. A. (2007). Negotiating inequality among adult siblings: Two case studies. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(2), 482–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00378.x

• Connidis, I. A. (2015). Exploring ambivalence in family ties: Progress and prospects. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(1), 77–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12150

• Davey, A., Savla, J., Janke, M., & Anderson, S. (2009). Grandparent-grandchild relationships: From families in contexts to families as contexts. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 69(4), 311–325. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.69.4.d

• Dommaraju, P., & Tan, J. (2014). Households in contemporary Southeast Asia. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 45(4), 559–580. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.45.4.559

• Dommaraju, P., & Wong, S. (2022). Grandparenthood and grandparenting in Asia. In I. S. Rajan (Ed.), Handbook of aging, health, and public policy (pp. 1–13). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1914-4_40-1

• Dykstra, P. A., & Fokkema, T. (2012). Norms of filial obligation in the Netherlands. Population, 67(1), 97–122. https://doi.org/10.3917/popu.1201.0103

• Esteve, A., & Liu, C. (2017). Family and household composition in Asia. In Z. Zhao & A. C. Hayes (Eds.), Routledge handbook of Asian demography (pp. 370–393). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315148458-20

• Fogiel-Bijaoui, S. (2013). Babushka in the holy land: Being a Russian-Israeli grandmother in Israel today. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 44(6), 725–739. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.44.6.725

• Furstenberg, F. F. (2020). Kinship reconsidered: Research on a neglected topic. Journal of Marriage and Family, 82(1), 364–382. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12628

• Gabriel, Z., & Bowling, A. (2004). Quality of life in old age from the perspectives of older people. In A. Walker & C. H. Hennessy (Eds.), Growing older: Quality of life in old age. Open University Press.

• Giarrusso, R., Silverstein, M., & Bengtson, V. L. (1996). Family complexity and the grandparent role. Generations, 20(1), 17–23. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44877325

• Girardin, M., Widmer, E. D., Connidis, I. A., Castrén, A.-M., Gouveia, R., & Masotti, B. (2018). Ambivalence in later-life family networks: Beyond intergenerational dyads. Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(3), 768–784. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12469

• Hettige, S. T., & De Silva, W. I. (2014). Aging population and social security in Sri Lanka. In A. T. Torres & L. L. Samson (Eds.), Aging in Asia-Pacific: Balancing the state and the family (pp. 45–60). Philippine Social Science Council.

• Hogerbrugge, M. J. A., & Komter, A. E. (2012). Solidarity and ambivalence: Comparing two perspectives on intergenerational relations using longitudinal panel data. The Journals of Gerontology Series B, 67B(3), 372–383. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr157

• Jones, G. W. (2012). Population policy in a prosperous city-state: Dilemmas for Singapore. Population and Development Review, 38(2), 311–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00494.x

• Kivett, V. R. (1991). The centrality of the grandfather role among older rural black and white men. Journal of Gerontology, 46(5), S250–S258. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/46.5.S250

• Ko, L. S. F. (2012). Solidarity, ambivalence, and multigenerational co-residence in Hong Kong. In V. Timonen & S. Arber (Eds.), Contemporary grandparenting: Changing family relationships in global contexts (pp. 91–112). Policy Press.

• Ko, P. C., & Hank, K. (2014). Grandparents caring for grandchildren in China and Korea: Findings from CHARLS and KLOSA. Journals of Gerontology, Series B, 69(4), 646–651. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt129

• Kohli, M. (2015). Generations in Aging Societies: Inequalities, cleavages, conflicts. In C. Torp (Ed.), Challenges of aging: Pensions, retirement, and generational justice (pp. 265–288). Springer.

• Lou, V. W. Q., & Chi, I. (2012). Grandparenting roles and functions. In K. K. Mehta & L. L. Thang (Eds.), Experiencing grandparenthood: An Asian perspective (pp. 47–60). Springer.

• Luescher, K., & Pillemer, K. (1998). Intergenerational ambivalence: A new approach to the study of parent-child relations in later life. Journal of Marriage and Family, 60(2), 413–425. https://doi.org/10.2307/353858

• Mahne, K., & Huxhold, O. (2012). Social contact between grandparents and older grandchildren: A three-generation perspective. In S. Arber & V. Timonen (Eds.), Contemporary grandparenting changing family relationships in global contexts (pp. 225–246). Policy Press.

• Malhotra, R., Bautista, M. A. C., Muller, A. M., Aw, S., Koh, G. C. H., Theng, Y. L., Hoskins, S. J., Wong, C. H., Miao, C., Lim, W. S., Malhotra, C., & Chan, A. (2019). The aging of a young nation: Population aging in Singapore. Gerontologist, 59(3), 401–410. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gny160

• Mancini, J. A., & Blieszner, R. (1989). Aging parents and adult children: Research themes in intergenerational relations. Journal of Marriage and Family, 51(2), 275–290. https://doi.org/10.2307/352492

• Mansson, D. H. (2016). The joy of grandparenting: A qualitative analysis of grandparents. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 14(2), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/15350770.2016.1160738

• May, V., Mason, J., & Clarke, L. (2012). Being there yet not interfering: The paradoxes of grandparenting. In A. Sara & T. Virpi (Eds.), Contemporary grandparenting: Changing family relationships in global contexts (pp. 139–158). Policy Press.

• Mehta, K. K. (2007). Multigenerational relationships within the Asian family: Qualitative evidence from Singapore. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 33(1), 63–77. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23070763

• Mehta, K. K., & Thang, L. L. (2006). Interdependence in Asian families. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 4(1), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1300/J194v04n01_13

• Mehta, K. K., & Thang, L. L. (2012). Introduction: Grandparenthood in Asia. In Experiencing grandparenthood: An Asian perspective (pp. 1–20). Springer.

• Meyer, M. H., & Kandic, A. (2017). Grandparenting in the United States. Innovation in Aging, 1(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx023

• Ministry of Social and Family Development. (2019, January). Ageing families in Singapore, 2000–2017: Annex A. https://www.msf.gov.sg/media-room/Documents/ANNEX%20A%20-%20Ageing%20Families%20in%20Singapore.pdf

• Monserud, M. A. (2008). Intergenerational relationships and affectual solidarity between grandparents and young adults. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(1), 182–195. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00470.x

• Moorman, S. M., & Stokes, J. E. (2016). Solidarity in the grandparent–adult grandchild relationship and trajectories of depressive symptoms. The Gerontologist, 56(3), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu056

• Noveria, M. (2014). Senior citizens in Indonesia: Caregiving in some international migrant sending areas in West Java. In A. T. Torres & L. L. Samson (Eds.), Aging in Asia-Pacific: Balancing the state and the family (pp. 129–149). Philippine Social Science Council.

• National Population and Talent Division. (2022, September). Population in brief 2022. National Population and Talent Division, Strategy Group, Prime Minister’s Office; Singapore Department of Statistics; Ministry of Home Affairs; Immigration & Checkpoints Authority; Ministry of Manpower. https://www.population.gov.sg/files/media-centre/publications/population-in-brief-2022.pdf

• Quadagno, J. S. (2002). Aging and the life course: An introduction to social gerontology. McGraw-Hill College.

• Roberts, R. E. L., Richards, L. N., & Bengtson, V. (1991). Intergenerational solidarity in families: Untangling the ties that bind. Marriage & Family Review, 16(1–2), 11–46. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v16n01_02

• Settersten, R. A. Jr., & Trauten, M. (2009). The new terrain of old age: Hallmarks, freedom, and risks. In V. Bengtson, M. Silverstein, D. Putney, & S. Gans (Eds.), Handbook of Theories of Aging (2nd ed., pp. 455–469). Springer.

• Sichling, F. (2022). The experience of being fathered by Mexican-origin male youth. Journal of Family Issues, 43(4), 993–1014. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X211001430

• Silverstein, M., Gans, D., & Yang, F. M. (2006). Intergenerational support to aging parents: The role of norms and needs. Journal of Family Issues, 27(8), 1068–1084. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X06288120

• Silverstein, M., Giarrusso, R., & Bengtson, V. L. (1998). Intergenerational solidarity and the grandparent role. In M. Szinovacz (Ed.), Handbook on grandparenthood (pp. 144–158). Greenwood Press.

• Silverstein, M., & Marenco, A. (2001). How Americans enact the grandparent role across the family life course. Journal of Family Issues, 22(4), 493–522. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251301022004006

• Singapore Department of Statistics. (2022). Population trends 2022. Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade & Industry, Republic of Singapore. https://www.singstat.gov.sg/-/media/files/publications/population/population2022.ashx

• Strijbosch, K. (2015). Single and the city: State influences on intimate relationships of young, single, well-educated women in Singapore. Journal of Marriage and Family, 77(5), 1108–1125. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12221

• Sun, S. H. L. (2012). Grandparenting in the context of care for grandchildren by foreign domestic workers. In S. Arber & V. Timonen (Eds.), Contemporary grandparenting: Changing family relationships in global contexts (pp. 113–136). Policy Press.

• Suratman, S., & Mohamad, M. (2018). Dual-income households among Singapore Malay families. Changing economy, unchanging gender roles. In W-J. J. Yeung & S. Hu (Eds.), Family and population changes in Singapore: A unique case in the global family change (pp. 53–73). Routledge.

• Szinovacz, M. E. (1998). Grandparent research: Past, present, and future. In M. Szinovacz (Ed.), Handbook on grandparenthood (pp. 1–20). Greenwood Press.

• Teo, P., Graham, E., Yeoh, B. S. A., & Levy, S. (2003). Values, change and inter-generational ties between two generations of women in Singapore. Ageing & Society, 23(3), 327–347. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x0300120x

• Teo, Y. (2015). Interrogating the limits of welfare reforms in Singapore. Development and Change, 46(1), 95–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12143

• Teo, Y. (2018). Falling short: class and the performance of the familial. In W-J. J. Yeung & S. Hu (Eds.), Family and population changes in Singapore: A unique case in the global family change (pp. 96–111). Routledge.

• Thang, L. L. (2010). Intergenerational relations: Asian perspectives. In D. Dannefer & C. Phillipson (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Social Gerontology (pp. 202–214). SAGE.

• Thang, L. L. (2012). Meanings of being a grandparent. In K. K. Mehta & L. L. Thang (Eds.), Experiencing grandparenthood: An Asian perspective (pp. 61–76). Springer.

• Thang, L. L. (2016). What do grandfathers value? Understanding grandfatherhood in Asia through Chinese grandfathers in Singapore. In A. Buchanan & A. Rotkirch (Eds.), Grandfathers: Global perspectives (pp. 125–144). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56338-5

• Thang, L. L., Mehta, K., Usui, T., & Tsuruwaka, M. (2011). Being a good grandparent: Roles and expectations in intergenerational relationships in Japan and Singapore. Marriage & Family Review, 47(8), 548–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2011.619303

• Thomas, J. L. (1990). The grandparent role: A double bind. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 31(3), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.2190/80j9-fgk7-2966-qhcb

• United Nations. (2017). Household size and composition around the world 2017. Data Booklet. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/household_size_and_composition_around_the_world_2017_data_booklet.pdf

• Xu, L. & Chi, I. (2015). Ageing and grandparenting in Asia. In S. R. Quah (Ed.), Routledge handbook of families in Asia (pp. 246–258). Routledge.

• Xu, L. Silverstein, M., & Chi, I. (2014). The emotional closeness between grandparents and grandchildren in rural China: The mediating role of the middle generation. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 12(3), 226–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15350770.2014.929936

• Yeung, W-J. J., & Hu, S. (2018). Continuity and change in Singapore’s population and families. In W-J. J. Yeung & S. Hu (Eds.), Family and population change in Singapore (pp. 1–26). Routledge.

• Young, H., & Grundy, E. (2009). Living arrangements, health, and well-being. In D. Kneale, E. Coast, & J. Stillwell (Eds.), Fertility, living arrangements, care, and mobility: Understanding population trends and processes (Vol. 1, pp. 127–150). Springer.

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9682-2_7

• Zheng, F., Zheng, F., & Meredith, W. H. (1997). An analysis of parental attitudes toward child care arrangements in urban Chinese families. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 27(2), 69–78. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23070641