The Link Between Occupations, Labor Force Participation of Married Women, and Household Technology in Indonesia
Main Article Content
Abstract
Although the effect differs among occupations, this study indicated that aside from socioeconomic variables, household technology relates to the labor force participation of married women in Indonesia. While the link between household technology and women’s labor force participation was analyzed, the research on the impact of household technology on women’s occupational choices in the labor market (e.g., white-collar, pink-collar, blue-collar jobs, agricultural) and full-time homemakers was not the focus. Primary data were obtained from the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2017. The data involved a usable sample of 32,559 married women aged 15–49. Using the multinomial logistic model, the study finds evidence that household technology primarily supports married women in pink-collar jobs. Thus, information and communication technology facilitates women in white-collar jobs. However, these elements are negatively linked to women’s labor force participation in blue-collar and agriculture. Additionally, the study reveals that the lack of household technology influences inactive married women in the labor market (homemakers).
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
• Agusta, M. R. A., & Ghuzini, D. (2020). Employment condition, the effects of husband’s occupation, and education on participation of married women in the Indonesian labor market. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 28(2), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.14203/JEP.28.2.2020.145-155
• Anderson-Sprecher, R. (1994). Model Comparisons and R2. The American Statistician, 48(2), 113–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1994.10476036
• Asian Development Bank. (2015). Women in the workforce: An unmet potential in Asia and the Pacific. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/158480/women-workforce-unmet-potential.pdf
• Basu, S., Ratcliffe, G., & Green, M. (2015). Health and pink-collar work. Occupational Medicine, 65(7), 529–534. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqv103
• Bayudan, C. G. (2006). Wives’ time allocation and intrahousehold power: Evidence from the Philippines. Applied Economics, 38(7), 789–804. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840600597972
• Becker, G. S. (1965). A theory of the allocation of time. The Economic Journal, 75(299), 493–517. https://doi.org/10.2307/2228949
• Bittman, M., Rice, J. M., & Wajcman, J. (2004). Appliances and their impact: The ownership of domestic technology and time spent on household work. The British Journal of Sociology, 55(3), 401–423. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00026.xBPS
• Borjas, G. J. (2015). Labor Economics (7th ed.). McGraw Hill.
• Bose, G., Jain, G., & Walker, S. (2022). Women’s labor force participation and technology adoption. European Economic Review, 147, Article 104181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2022.104181
• BPS - Statistics Indonesia. (2021). Keadaan Angkatan Kerja di Indonesia Augustus 2021 [Labor Force Situation in Indonesia August 2021]. https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2021/12/07/ee355feea591c3b6841d361b/keadaan-angkatan-kerja-di-indonesia-agustus-2021.html
• Cardia, E. (2008). Household technology: Was it the engine of liberation? 2008 Meeting Papers from Society for Economic Dynamics No. 826, Universite de Montreal. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.192.7246&rep=rep1&type=pdf
• Cavalcanti, T. D. de V., & Tavares, J. (2008). Assessing the “Engines of Liberation”: Home appliances and female labor force participation. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 90(1), 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.90.1.81
• Chhay, P., & Yamazaki, K. (2021). Rural electrification and changes in employment structure in Cambodia. World Development, 137, Article 105212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105212
• Chiappori, P. A. (1988). Rational household labor supply. Econometrica, 56(1), 63–89. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911842s
• Coen-Pirani, D., León, A., & Lugauer, S. (2010). The effect of household appliances on female labor force participation: Evidence from microdata. Labour Economics, 17(3), 503–513, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2009.04.008
• Cubas Norando, G. (2010). Essays on infrastructure, female labor force participation and economic development [Published doctoral dissertation, University of Iowa]. Iowa Research Online. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/658
• Das, P. (2019). Econometrics in theory and practices: Analysis of cross-section, time series and panel data with Stata 15.1. Springer.
• Dasso, R., & Fernandez, F. (2015). The effects of electrification on employment in rural Peru. IZA Journal of Labor & Development, 4(1), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40175-015-0028-4
• Dinkelman, T. (2011). The effects of rural electrification on employment: New evidence of South Africa. American Economic Review, 101(7), 3078–3108. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.7.3078
• Dinkelman, T., & Ngai, L. R. (2021). Home production, women’s market work, and structural transformation (Pathfinding Paper). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://cepr.org/sites/default/files/STEG_PP10_Home_Production_Market_Work_and_Structural_Transformation_Taryn_Dinkelman_and_Rachel_Ngai.pdf
• Dueso-Barosso, J. (2019). Effects of home appliances on female labour participation in South Africa: Freeing women from housework [Magister Dissertation, Radboud University]. Educational Repository. https://theses.ubn.ru.nl/handle/123456789/7827?locale-attribute=en
• Efobi, U. R., Tanankem, B. V., & Asongu, S. A. (2018). Female economic participation with information and communication technology advancement: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa. South African Journal of Economics, 86(2), 231–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12194
• Ehrenberg, R. G., & Smith, R. S. (2012). Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy (11th ed.). Pearson Education.
• Greene, W. H. (2002). Econometric analysis (5th ed.). Prentice Hall.
• Greenwood, J., Seshadri, A., & Yorukoglu, M. (2005). Engines of liberation. The Review of Economic Studies, 72(1), 109–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/0034-6527.00326
• Grogan, L., & Sadanand, A. (2013). Rural Electrification and Employment in Poor Countries: Evidence from Nicaragua. World Development, 43, 252–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.09.002
• Gujarati, D. N. (2011). Econometrics by example (5th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
• Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic econometrics (5th ed.). Mc Graw-Hill.
• Hoffman, S. D., & Duncan, G. J. (1988). Multinomial and conditional logit-discrete choice models in demography. Demography, 25(3), 415–427. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061541
• Jayachandran, S. (2020). Social norms as a barrier to women's employment in developing countries (NBER Working Paper No. 27449). National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w27449
• Knapková, M. & Považanová, M. (2021). (Un)sustainability of the time devoted to selected housework—Evidence from Slovakia. Sustainability, 13(4), Article 2069. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042069
• Kusumawardhani, N., Pramana, R., Saputri, N., & Suryadarma, D. (2021). Heterogeneous impact of internet availability on female labour market outcomes in an emerging economy: Evidence from Indonesia (WIDER Working Paper 2021/49). UNU-WIDER. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2021/987-7
• Lewis, J. (2014). The short-run and long-run effects of household electrification (Universite´ de Montreal working paper). University of Montreal. https://www.webdepot.umontreal.ca/Usagers/lewisj/MonDepotPublic/electrificationSRLR.pdf
• McFadden, D. (1973). Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. In P. Zarembka (Ed.), Frontiers in Econometrics (pp. 105–142). Academic Press. https://eml.berkeley.edu/reprints/mcfadden/zarembka.pdf
• Meidika, Y. A., Sugiharti, L., Aditina, N., & Amini, A. F. (2019). The determinants of home-based worker: Evidence from married women in Indonesia. Media Trend, 14(2), 229–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/mediatrend.v14i2.5118
• Mincer, J. (1962). Labor force participation of married women: A study of labor supply. In Universities-National Bureau Committee for Economic Research (Eds.), Aspects of labor economics (pp. 63–105). Princeton University Press. http://www.nber.org/books/univ62-2
• Mitschiener, K. N., & Siy Van, V. T. (2018). Female labour force participation and the prices of household durable goods: A Philippine study. Undergraduate Economic Review, 15(1), Article 8. https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol15/iss1/8
• National Population and Family Planning Board, Statistics Indonesia, Ministry of Health, & ICF. (2018, September). Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2017. BKKBN; BPS; Kemenkes; ICF. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR342/FR342.pdf
• Omotoso, K. O., & Obembe, O. B. (2016). Does household technology influence female labour force participation in Nigeria? Technology in Society, 45, 78–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2016.02.005
• Peterson, R. A. (1994). A meta-analysis of Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(2), 381–291. https://doi.org/10.1086/209405
• Psacharopoulos, G., & Tzannatos, Z. (1989). Female labor force participation: An international perspective. The World Bank Research Observer, 4(2), 187–201. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/4.2.187
• Rathi, S. S., & Vermaak, C. (2018). Rural electrification, gender, and the labor market: A cross-country study of India and South Africa. World Development, 109, 346–359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.016
• Schaner, S., & Das, S. (2016). Female labor force participation in Asia: Indonesia country study (ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 474). Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/180251/ewp-474.pdf
• Sedai, A. K. (2021). Who benefits from piped water in the house? Empirical evidence from a gendered analysis in India (ADBI Working Paper 1273). Asian Development Bank Institute. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/713746/adbi-wp1273.pdf
• Sulistyaningrum, E., Resosudarmo, B. P., Falentina, A. T., & Darmawan, D. A. (2021). Can the internet buy working hours of married women in micro and small enterprises? Evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia (ADBI Working Paper 1261). Asian Development Bank Institute. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/700901/adbi-wp1261.pdf
• Suwadji. Y. T. (2020). How is the internet usage pattern among women self-employed? An analysis of the National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas). Jurnal Ketenagakerjaan, 15(2), 123–139. https://doi.org/10.47198/naker.v15i2.70
• Tagliapietra, S., Occhiali, G., Nano, E., & Kalcik, R. (2020). The impact of electrification on labour market outcomes in Nigeria. Economia Politica, 37(3), 737–779 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-020-00189-2
• Tewari, I., & Wang, Y. (2021). Durable ownership, time allocation, and female labor force participation: Evidence from China’s “Home Appliances to the Countryside” rebate. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 70(1), 87–127. https://doi.org/10.1086/706824
• The DHS Program. (2017, March). Demographic and Health Surveys Model Household Questionnaire. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/DHSQ7/DHS7_Household_QRE_EN_16Mar2017_DHSQ7.pdf
• The DHS Program. (2018, December). Demographic and Health Surveys Model Woman's Questionnaire. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/DHSQ7/DHS7-Womans-QRE-EN-17Dec2018-DHSQ7.pdf
• Vidart, D. (2021). Human capital, female employment, and electricity: Evidence from the early 20th century United States (Working Paper 2021-08). University of Connecticut, Department of Economics. https://media.economics.uconn.edu/working/2021-08.pdf
• Vu, T. M. (2019). Home appliances and gender gap of time spent on unpaid housework: Evidence using household data from Vietnam. The Singapore Economic Review, 64(1), 97–114. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217590817430019
• United Nations. (2019). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019. https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2019/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2019.pdf
• United Nations. (2020). Human Development Report 2020: The next frontier Human Development and the Anthropocene. https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2020
• Wooldridge, J. M. (2010). Econometric analysis of cross section and panel data (2nd ed.). The MIT Press.
• World Bank. (2019). Project Information Document (PID) (Report No. PIDC25991). https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/246061549630516747/pdf/Concept-Project-Information-Document-PID-Realizing-Educations-Promise-Support-to-Indonesias-Ministry-of-Religious-Affairs-for-Improved-Quality-of-E.pdf
• World Bank. (2021). Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate) - Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Lao PDR, Singapore, Brunei Darussalam, Thailand, Philippines, Myanmar, Malaysia [Dataset] https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS?locations=ID-KH-VN-LA-SG-BN-TH-PH-MM-MY