Changes in Physical Activity Among University Students in Indonesia from Before to During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Cohort Study
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Published:
Nov 25, 2021
Keywords:
COVID-19 exercise vital sign questionnaire pandemics physical activity university students
Main Article Content
Abstract
University life is an important phase for forming healthy physical activity habits among university students. However, little is known about the change in physical activity level during the COVID-19 pandemic among university students in Indonesia, which has a low stringency index. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among students of Universitas Gadjah Mada (n=153) from October to November 2020, where there were asked to recall their physical activity level and type of physical activity engaged in at four points of time: before the pandemic, early pandemic, Ramadan period, and relaxation period. Then, we conducted three-way mixed analyses of variance followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc comparisons tests to compare the mean difference of total moderate-vigorous physical activity with a subject over time and between subgroups in a similar time. Containment measures during the pandemic resulted in a 69.4-minute drop (95% confidence interval: 40.1 to 98.7 minutes, p<.001) of total moderate-vigorous physical activity. While the relaxation of containment measures could restore non-health natural science students’ physical activity to the pre-pandemic amount, it did not influence health science students’ physical activity. Our findings provide evidence that pandemic situations in a low stringency index country also affected physical activity behavior among university students. More efforts are needed to increase university students’ physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among health science students.
Article Details
How to Cite
Rizal, D. M., & Wibowo, R. A. . (2021). Changes in Physical Activity Among University Students in Indonesia from Before to During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Journal of Population and Social Studies [JPSS], 30, 128–146. Retrieved from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jpss/article/view/256641
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Research Articles
References
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• López-Valenciano, A., Suárez-Iglesias, D., Sanchez-Lastra, M. A., & Ayán, C. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on university students’ physical activity levels: An early systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 624567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.624567
• Lumley, T., Diehr, P., Emerson, S., & Chen, L. (2002). The importance of the normality assumption in large public health data sets. Annual Review of Public Health, 23, 151-169. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140546
• McCarthy, H., Potts, H. W. W., & Fisher, A. (2021). Physical activity behavior before, during, and after COVID-19 restrictions: Longitudinal smartphone-tracking study of adults in the United Kingdom. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(2), e23701. https://doi.org/10.2196/23701
• Michie, S., van Stralen, M. M., & West, R. (2011). The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterizing and designing behaviour change interventions. Implementation Science, 6, 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-42
• Molanorouzi, K., Khoo, S., & Morris, T. (2015). Motives for adult participation in physical activity: type of activity, age, and gender. BMC Public Health, 15, 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1429-7
• Murphy, M. H., Donnelly, P., Breslin, G., Shibli, S., & Nevill, A. M. (2013). Does doing housework keep you healthy? The contribution of domestic physical activity to meeting current recommendations for health. BMC Public Health, 13, 966. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-966
• Murray, J. M., Brennan, S. F., French, D. P., Patterson, C. C., Kee, F., & Hunter, R. F. (2017). Effectiveness of physical activity interventions in achieving behaviour change maintenance in young and middle-aged adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 192, 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.021
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• Petrunoff, N., Rissel, C., & Wen, L. M. (2017). “If you don’t do parking management... Forget your behaviour change, it’s not going to work.”: Health and transport practitioner perspectives on workplace active travel promotion. PLoS ONE, 12(1), e0170064. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170064
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• Romero-Blanco, C., Rodríguez-Almagro, J., & Onieva-Zafra, M. D., Parra-Fernández, M. L., Prado-Laguna, M. C, & Hernández-Martínez, A. (2020). Physical activity and sedentary lifestyle in university students: changes during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6567. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186567
• Rusyadi, S. (2017). Pola makan dan tingkat aktivitas fisik mahasiswa dengan berat badan berlebih di Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta [Dietary patterns and physical activity levels of overweight students at Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta]. [Unpublished master thesis]. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. https://eprints.uny.ac.id/52921/
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• Spence, J. C., Rhodes, R. E., McCurdy, A., Mangan, A., Hopkins, D., & Mummery, W. K. (2021). Determinants of physical activity among adults in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic: The DUK-COVID study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 26(2), 588-605. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12497
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• Van Luchene, P., & Delens, C. (2021). The influence of social support specific to physical activity on physical activity among college and university students: A systematic review. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 18(6), 737-747. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0713
• Vilhjalmsson, R., & Kristjansdottir, G. (2003). Gender differences in physical activity in older children and adolescents: the central role of organized sport. Social Science & Medicine, 56(2), 363-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00042-4
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• Blanca, M. J., Alarcón, R., Arnau, J., Bono, R., & Bendayan, R. (2017). Non-normal data: Is ANOVA still a valid option? Psicothema, 29(4), 552-557. https:/doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.383
• Bull, F. C., Al-Ansari, S. S., Biddle, S., Borodulin, K., Buman, M. P., Cardon, G., Carty, C., Chaput, J. P., Chastin, S., Chou, R., Dempsey, P. C., DiPietro, L., Ekelund, U., Firth, J., Friedenreich, C. M., Garcia, L., Gichu, M., Jago, R., Katzmarzyk, P. T., … Willumsen, J. F. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(24), 1451–1462. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955
• Carney, C., Mutrie, N., & McNeish, S. (2000). The impact of transition from university on physically active students. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 38(3), 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2000.10806160
• Chen, P., Mao, L., Nassis, G. P., Harmer, P., Ainsworth, B. E., & Li, F. (2020). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): The need to maintain regular physical activity while taking precautions. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 9(2), 103-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.02.001
• Chung, Q. E., Abdulrahman, S. A., Jamal Khan, M. K., Jahubar Sathik, H. B., & Rashid, A. (2018). The relationship between levels of physical activity and academic achievement among medical and health sciences students at Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 25(5), 88–102. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2018.25.5.9
• Diamond, R., & Waite, F. (2021). Physical activity in a pandemic: A new treatment target for psychological therapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 94(2), 357-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12294
• Ding, D., Cheng, M., del Pozo Cruz, B., Lin, T., Sun, S., Zhang, L., Yang, Q., Ma, Z., Wang, J., Jia, Y., & Shi, Y. (2021). How COVID-19 lockdown and reopening affected daily steps: evidence based on 164,630 person-days of prospectively collected data from Shanghai, China. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 18, 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-021-01106-x
• Djalante, R., Lassa, J., Setiamarga, D., Sudjatma, A., Indrawan, M., Haryanto, B., Mahfud, C., Sinapoy, M. S., Djalante, S., Rafliana, I., Gunawan, L. A., Surtiari, G., & Warsilah, H. (2020). Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020. Progress in Disaster Science, 6, 100091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100091
• Enrico, A., Aron, R., & Oktavia, W. (2014). The factors that influenced consumptive behavior: A survey of university students in Jakarta. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(1), 1-6. http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0114.php?rp=P252140
• Falkner, K. L., Trevisan, M., & McCann, S. E. (1999). Reliability of recall of physical activity in the distant past. American Journal of Epidemiology, 150(2), 195-205. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009980
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
• Glass, G. V., Peckham, P. D., & Sanders, J. R. (1972). Consequences of failure to meet assumptions underlying the fixed effects analyses of variance and covariance. Review of Educational Research, 42(3), 237-288. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543042003237
• Golightly, Y. M., Allen, K. D., Ambrose, K. R., Stiller, J. L., Evenson, K. R., Voisin, C., Hootman, J. M., & Callahan, L. F. (2017). Physical activity as a vital sign: A systematic review. Preventing Chronic Disease, 14, 170030. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd14.170030
• Gómez-López, M., Gallegos, A. G., & Extremera, A. B. (2010). Perceived barriers by university students in the practice of physical activities. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 9(3), 374-381. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24149629
• Hale, T., Angrist, N., Goldszmidt, R., Kira, B., Petherick, A., Phillips T., Webster, S., Cameron-Blake, E., Hallas, L., Majumdar, S., & Tatlow, H. (2021). A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker). Nature Human Behaviour, 5, 529-538. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01079-8
• IBM. (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25.0. IBM Corp. https://www.ibm.com/support/pages/release-notes-ibm®-spss®-statistics-250
• Jakpat. (2020). Pandemic bike boom: Jakpat survey report 2020. (2020). Jakpat. https://jakpat.net/pdf/26097/pandemic-bike-boom---jakpat-survey-report
• Katewongsa, P., Widyastari, D. A., Saonuam, P., Haemathulin, N., & Wongsingha, N. (2021). The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the physical activity of the Thai population: Evidence from Thailand’s Surveillance on Physical Activity 2020. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 10(3), 341-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.10.001
• Keating, X. D., Guan, J., Piñero, J. C., & Bridges, D. M. (2005). A meta-analysis of college students’ physical activity behaviors. Journal of American College Health, 54(2), 116-126. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.54.2.116-126
• Lessan, N., Saadane, I., Alkaf, B., Hambly, C., Buckley, A. J., Finer, N., Speakman, J. R., & Barakat, M. T. (2018). The effects of Ramadan fasting on activity and energy expenditure. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 107(1), 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqx016
• López-Valenciano, A., Suárez-Iglesias, D., Sanchez-Lastra, M. A., & Ayán, C. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on university students’ physical activity levels: An early systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 624567. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.624567
• Lumley, T., Diehr, P., Emerson, S., & Chen, L. (2002). The importance of the normality assumption in large public health data sets. Annual Review of Public Health, 23, 151-169. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140546
• McCarthy, H., Potts, H. W. W., & Fisher, A. (2021). Physical activity behavior before, during, and after COVID-19 restrictions: Longitudinal smartphone-tracking study of adults in the United Kingdom. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(2), e23701. https://doi.org/10.2196/23701
• Michie, S., van Stralen, M. M., & West, R. (2011). The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterizing and designing behaviour change interventions. Implementation Science, 6, 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-42
• Molanorouzi, K., Khoo, S., & Morris, T. (2015). Motives for adult participation in physical activity: type of activity, age, and gender. BMC Public Health, 15, 66. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1429-7
• Murphy, M. H., Donnelly, P., Breslin, G., Shibli, S., & Nevill, A. M. (2013). Does doing housework keep you healthy? The contribution of domestic physical activity to meeting current recommendations for health. BMC Public Health, 13, 966. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-966
• Murray, J. M., Brennan, S. F., French, D. P., Patterson, C. C., Kee, F., & Hunter, R. F. (2017). Effectiveness of physical activity interventions in achieving behaviour change maintenance in young and middle-aged adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 192, 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.021
• Naim, Z., Anwar, K., Rahman, A., & Zuliani, N. (2016). Physical inactivity among medical and non-medical students: A cross sectional study. International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences, 3(5), 48-58. http://publichealthmy.org/ejournal/ojs2/index.php/ijphcs/article/view/347
• Petrunoff, N., Rissel, C., & Wen, L. M. (2017). “If you don’t do parking management... Forget your behaviour change, it’s not going to work.”: Health and transport practitioner perspectives on workplace active travel promotion. PLoS ONE, 12(1), e0170064. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170064
• Quiles, N. N., McCullough, A. K., & Piao, L. (2019). Validity and reliability of the exercise vital sign questionnaire in an ethnically diverse group: A pilot study. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 10, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1177/2150132719844062
• Rejali, M., & Mostajeran, M. (2013). Assessment of physical activity in medical and public health students. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 2, 19. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9531.112690
• Rektor Universitas Gadjah Mada. (2020). Kalender Akademik 2020-2021 [Academic calendar 2020-2021]. Indonesia. https://dtmi.ft.ugm.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/sites/61/2020/07/Kalender_akademik_2020-2021_EDAR.pdf
• Riskawati, Y. K., Prabowo, E. D, & Rasyid, H. A. (2018). Tingkat aktivitas fisik mahasiswa program studi pendidikan dokter tahun kedua, ketiga, keempat [Physical activity levels of first, second, third- and fourth-year medical students]. Majalah Kesehatan Fakultas Kedokteran, 5(1), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.majalahkesehatan.005.01.4
• Romero-Blanco, C., Rodríguez-Almagro, J., & Onieva-Zafra, M. D., Parra-Fernández, M. L., Prado-Laguna, M. C, & Hernández-Martínez, A. (2020). Physical activity and sedentary lifestyle in university students: changes during confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6567. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186567
• Rusyadi, S. (2017). Pola makan dan tingkat aktivitas fisik mahasiswa dengan berat badan berlebih di Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta [Dietary patterns and physical activity levels of overweight students at Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta]. [Unpublished master thesis]. Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. https://eprints.uny.ac.id/52921/
• Sparrow, R., Dartanto, T., & Hartwig, R. (2020). Indonesia under the New Normal: Challenges and the way ahead. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 56(3), 269-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2020.1854079
• Spence, J. C., Rhodes, R. E., McCurdy, A., Mangan, A., Hopkins, D., & Mummery, W. K. (2021). Determinants of physical activity among adults in the United Kingdom during the COVID-19 pandemic: The DUK-COVID study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 26(2), 588-605. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.12497
• The Lancet Public Health. (2019). Time to tackle the physical activity gender gap. Lancet Public Health, 4(8), e360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30135-5
• Van Luchene, P., & Delens, C. (2021). The influence of social support specific to physical activity on physical activity among college and university students: A systematic review. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 18(6), 737-747. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0713
• Vilhjalmsson, R., & Kristjansdottir, G. (2003). Gender differences in physical activity in older children and adolescents: the central role of organized sport. Social Science & Medicine, 56(2), 363-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00042-4
• von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & STROBE Initiative (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. PLoS Medicine, 4(10), e296. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040296
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