THE MAIN EFFECTS OF GENDER AND AGE OF FACEBOOK USERS ON MULTIPLE FACETS OF FACEBOOK INTENSITY
Keywords:
Facebook Intensity, Persistence to Use, Boredom, Facebook Overuse, Self-ExpressionAbstract
This research aims to investigate if there were differences between Facebook users in different gender and age groups on a linear combination of the multiple facets of Facebook intensity which include persistence to use, boredom, overuse and self-expression. A sample of 400 Facebook users was drawn by a multistage sampling method; respondents are made up of men and women, aged 13 years or older, and lived in Thailand. The respondents were asked to fill up an online rating scale survey. A multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to assess statistical significance. Differences were found in all four multiple facets of Facebook intensity among Facebook users of different gender and age groups. Practical implications for marketing professionals were suggested. Future researchers might examine different variables.
References
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Baumeister, R. F., & Jones, E. E. (1978). When self-presentation is constrained by the target’s knowledge: consistency and compensation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(6), 608.
Baumeister, R. F. (1982). A self-presentational view of social phenomena. Psychological Bulletin, 91(1), 3.
Cao, F., & Su, L. (2006). Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: prevalence and psychological features. Child Care Health Development, 33(3), 275-281.
Carstensen, T. (2009). Gender trouble in Web 2.0: gender relations in social network sites, wikis and weblogs. International Journal of Gender, Science, and Technology, 1(1), 106-127.
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
de Voider, M. L., & Lens, W. W. (1982). Academic achievement and future time perspective as a cognitive-motivational concept. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 42(3), 566- 571.
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653-663.
Duggan, M., Ellison, N., Lampe, C., Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2015). Social media update 2014. Retrieved on July 29, 2015 from: http://www.pewInternet.org/2015/01/09/social-media-update-2014/
Elphinston, R. A., & Noller, P. (2011). Time to face it! Facebook intrusion and the implications for romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 14(11), 631-635.
Eurostat. (2014). Internet use statistics: Main statistical findings. Retrieved July 14, 2015, from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
Gentile, B., Twenge, J. M., Freeman, E. C., & Campbell, W. K. (2012). The effect of social Networking websites on positive self-views: an experimental investigation. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1929-1933.
Griffin, J. (2010). The lonely Society. London: Mental Health Foundation.
Griffiths, M. D. (2005). A “components” model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substitution Use, 10, 191-197.
Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet sex addiction: A review of empirical research. Addiction Resolution Theory, 20, 111-124.
Griffiths, M. D., & Dancaster, I. (1995). The effect of type A personality on physiological arousal while playing computer games. Addictive Behaviors, 20, 543-548.
Hargittai, E. (2010). Digital na(t)ives? variation in Internet skills and uses among members of the “net generation.”Sociological Inquiry, 80(1), 92-113.
Hoy, G. M., & Milne, G. (2010). Gender differences in privacy-related measures for young adult Facebook users. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 10(2), 28-45.
Huang, X., Zhang, H., Li, M., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., & Tao, R. (2010). Mental health, personality, and parental rearing styles of adolescents with Internet addiction disorder. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 13(4), 401-406.
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655-672.
Hum, N. J., Chamberlin, E. P., Hambright, B. L., Portwood, A. C., Schat, A. C., & Bevan, J. L. (2011). A picture is worth a thousand words: A content analysis of Facebook profile photographs. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1828-1833.
Jackson, L. A., Ervin, K. S., Gardner, P. D., & Schmitt, N. (2001). Gender and the Internet: Women communicating and men searching. Sex Roles, 44(5), 363-379.
Kaplan, H. B. (1975). Increase in self-rejection as an antecedent of deviant responses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 4(3), 281-292.
Karaiskos, D., Tzavellas, E., Balta, G., & Paparrigopoulos, T. (2010). Social network addiction: a new Clinical disorder? European Psychiatry, 25, 855.
Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of Internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351-354.
Kim, E. J., Namkoong, K., Ku, T., & Kim, S. J. (2008). The relationship between online game addiction And aggression, self-control and narcissistic personality traits. European Psychiatry, 23, 212-218.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Excessive online social networking: Can adolescents become addicted to Facebook? Education Health, 29(4), 68-71.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet gaming addiction: a systematic review of empirical research. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction, 10(2), 278-296.
Kuss, D. J., Louws, J., & Wiers, R. W. (2012). Online gaming addiction? Motives predict addictive play behavior in massively multiplayer online role-playing games. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 15(9), 480-485.
Kwang, T., & Swann, W. B. (2010). Do people embrace praise even when they feel unworthy? a review of critical tests of self-enhancement versus self-verification. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(3), 263-280.
Lavin, M. J., Yuen, C. N., Weinman, M., & Kozak, K. (2004). Internet dependence in the Collegiate population: The role of shyness. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 7, 379-383.
Leary, M. R. (2007). Motivational and emotional aspects of the self. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 317-344.
Mazman, S. G., & Usluel, Y. K. (2011). Gender differences in using social networks. Journal of Educational Technology, 10(2), 133-139.
Marshall, T. C., Lefringhausen, K., & Ferenczi, N. (2015). The big five, self-esteem, and narcissism as predictors of the topics people write about in Facebook status updates. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 35-40.
McAndrew, T. F., & Jeong, S. H. (2012). Who does what on Facebook? Age, sex, and relationship status as predictors of Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 2359-2365.
McKenna, K. Y., Green, A. S., & Gleason, M. E. (2002). Relationship formation on the Internet: What’s the big attraction? Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 9-31.
Michikyan, M., Subrahmanyam, K., & Dennis, J. (2014). Can you tell who I am? Neuroticism, extraversion, and online self-presentation among young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 179-183.
Morahan-Martin, J. (2005). Internet abuse. Addiction? Disorder? Symptom? Alternative explanations? Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), 39-48.
Orosz, G., Istvan, T., & Bothe, B. (2015). Four facets of Facebook intensity: The development of the multidimensional Facebook intensity scale. Personality and Individual Differences. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.038
Paulhus, D. L., Harms, P. D., Bruce, M. N., & Lysy, D. C. (2003). The over-claiming technique: measuring self-enhancement independent of ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 890-904.
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. Personal Relationships, 3, 31-56.
Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G., & Roberts, D. F. (2010). Generation M2: media in the Lives of 8-18-Year- Olds. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
Rose, J., Mackey-Kallis, S., Shyles, L., Barry, K., Biagini, D., Hart, C., & Jack, L. (2012). Face it: The impact of gender on social media images. Communication Quarterly, 60(5), 588-607.
Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Audiences’ reactions to self-enhancing, self-denigrating, and accurate self-presentations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18(1), 89-104.
Schlenker, B. R., & Pontari, B. A. (2000). The strategic control of information: Impression management and self-presentation in daily life. In A Tesser, R. Felson, & Suls (Eds.) Perspectives on Self and Identity (199-232). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Schmitt, B. (2014). The changing face of Asian consumer: Insights and strategies for Asian markets. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Sedikides, C. (1993). Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self- evaluation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 317- 338.
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Swann, W. B. (1983). Self-verification: bringing social reality into harmony with the self. Social Psychological Perspectives on the Self, 2, 33-66.
Thayer, S. E., & Ray, S. (2006). Online communication preferences across age, gender, and duration of Internet use. CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 9(4), 432-440.
Vigil, J. M. (2009). A socio-relational framework of sex differences in the expression of emotion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(5), 375-390.
Walker, T. L., & Tracey, T. G. (2012). The role of future time perspective in career decision-making. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(2), 150-158.
Wills, T. A., Sandy, J. M., & Yaeger, A. M. (2001). Time perspective and early-onset substance use: a model based on stress-coping theory. Psychology and Addictive Behaviors, 15, 118-125.
Wu, Ch.-Y., & He, G.-B. (2012). The effects of time perspective and salience of possible Monetary losses on intertemporal choice. Social Behavior and Personality, 40(10), 1645-1654.
Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 1(3), 237-244.
Young, K. S. (1999). The research and controversy surrounding Internet addiction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 2(5), 381-383.
Young, K. S. (2008). Internet sex addiction: Risk factors, stages of development, and treatment. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(1), 21-37.
Zimbardo, P. G., Keough, K. A., & Boyd, J. N. (1997). Present time perspective as a predictor of risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 23(6), 1007-1023.
Zimbardo, P., & Boyd, J. (2008). The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. New York: Free Press.
Zocial Rank (2014). ASEAN Ranking. Retrieved from http//www.ditc.co.th/th/news
Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012). Development of a Facebook addiction scale. Psychological Reports, 110(2), 501-517.
Baumeister, R. F., & Jones, E. E. (1978). When self-presentation is constrained by the target’s knowledge: consistency and compensation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(6), 608.
Baumeister, R. F. (1982). A self-presentational view of social phenomena. Psychological Bulletin, 91(1), 3.
Cao, F., & Su, L. (2006). Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: prevalence and psychological features. Child Care Health Development, 33(3), 275-281.
Carstensen, T. (2009). Gender trouble in Web 2.0: gender relations in social network sites, wikis and weblogs. International Journal of Gender, Science, and Technology, 1(1), 106-127.
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.
de Voider, M. L., & Lens, W. W. (1982). Academic achievement and future time perspective as a cognitive-motivational concept. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 42(3), 566- 571.
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653-663.
Duggan, M., Ellison, N., Lampe, C., Lenhart, A., & Madden, M. (2015). Social media update 2014. Retrieved on July 29, 2015 from: http://www.pewInternet.org/2015/01/09/social-media-update-2014/
Elphinston, R. A., & Noller, P. (2011). Time to face it! Facebook intrusion and the implications for romantic jealousy and relationship satisfaction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 14(11), 631-635.
Eurostat. (2014). Internet use statistics: Main statistical findings. Retrieved July 14, 2015, from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat
Gentile, B., Twenge, J. M., Freeman, E. C., & Campbell, W. K. (2012). The effect of social Networking websites on positive self-views: an experimental investigation. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1929-1933.
Griffin, J. (2010). The lonely Society. London: Mental Health Foundation.
Griffiths, M. D. (2005). A “components” model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substitution Use, 10, 191-197.
Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet sex addiction: A review of empirical research. Addiction Resolution Theory, 20, 111-124.
Griffiths, M. D., & Dancaster, I. (1995). The effect of type A personality on physiological arousal while playing computer games. Addictive Behaviors, 20, 543-548.
Hargittai, E. (2010). Digital na(t)ives? variation in Internet skills and uses among members of the “net generation.”Sociological Inquiry, 80(1), 92-113.
Hoy, G. M., & Milne, G. (2010). Gender differences in privacy-related measures for young adult Facebook users. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 10(2), 28-45.
Huang, X., Zhang, H., Li, M., Wang, J., Zhang, Y., & Tao, R. (2010). Mental health, personality, and parental rearing styles of adolescents with Internet addiction disorder. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 13(4), 401-406.
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655-672.
Hum, N. J., Chamberlin, E. P., Hambright, B. L., Portwood, A. C., Schat, A. C., & Bevan, J. L. (2011). A picture is worth a thousand words: A content analysis of Facebook profile photographs. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(5), 1828-1833.
Jackson, L. A., Ervin, K. S., Gardner, P. D., & Schmitt, N. (2001). Gender and the Internet: Women communicating and men searching. Sex Roles, 44(5), 363-379.
Kaplan, H. B. (1975). Increase in self-rejection as an antecedent of deviant responses. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 4(3), 281-292.
Karaiskos, D., Tzavellas, E., Balta, G., & Paparrigopoulos, T. (2010). Social network addiction: a new Clinical disorder? European Psychiatry, 25, 855.
Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of Internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory Internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351-354.
Kim, E. J., Namkoong, K., Ku, T., & Kim, S. J. (2008). The relationship between online game addiction And aggression, self-control and narcissistic personality traits. European Psychiatry, 23, 212-218.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2011). Excessive online social networking: Can adolescents become addicted to Facebook? Education Health, 29(4), 68-71.
Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Internet gaming addiction: a systematic review of empirical research. International Journal of Mental Health Addiction, 10(2), 278-296.
Kuss, D. J., Louws, J., & Wiers, R. W. (2012). Online gaming addiction? Motives predict addictive play behavior in massively multiplayer online role-playing games. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 15(9), 480-485.
Kwang, T., & Swann, W. B. (2010). Do people embrace praise even when they feel unworthy? a review of critical tests of self-enhancement versus self-verification. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(3), 263-280.
Lavin, M. J., Yuen, C. N., Weinman, M., & Kozak, K. (2004). Internet dependence in the Collegiate population: The role of shyness. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 7, 379-383.
Leary, M. R. (2007). Motivational and emotional aspects of the self. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 317-344.
Mazman, S. G., & Usluel, Y. K. (2011). Gender differences in using social networks. Journal of Educational Technology, 10(2), 133-139.
Marshall, T. C., Lefringhausen, K., & Ferenczi, N. (2015). The big five, self-esteem, and narcissism as predictors of the topics people write about in Facebook status updates. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 35-40.
McAndrew, T. F., & Jeong, S. H. (2012). Who does what on Facebook? Age, sex, and relationship status as predictors of Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 2359-2365.
McKenna, K. Y., Green, A. S., & Gleason, M. E. (2002). Relationship formation on the Internet: What’s the big attraction? Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 9-31.
Michikyan, M., Subrahmanyam, K., & Dennis, J. (2014). Can you tell who I am? Neuroticism, extraversion, and online self-presentation among young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 179-183.
Morahan-Martin, J. (2005). Internet abuse. Addiction? Disorder? Symptom? Alternative explanations? Social Science Computer Review, 23(1), 39-48.
Orosz, G., Istvan, T., & Bothe, B. (2015). Four facets of Facebook intensity: The development of the multidimensional Facebook intensity scale. Personality and Individual Differences. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.038
Paulhus, D. L., Harms, P. D., Bruce, M. N., & Lysy, D. C. (2003). The over-claiming technique: measuring self-enhancement independent of ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 890-904.
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. Personal Relationships, 3, 31-56.
Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G., & Roberts, D. F. (2010). Generation M2: media in the Lives of 8-18-Year- Olds. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation.
Rose, J., Mackey-Kallis, S., Shyles, L., Barry, K., Biagini, D., Hart, C., & Jack, L. (2012). Face it: The impact of gender on social media images. Communication Quarterly, 60(5), 588-607.
Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). Audiences’ reactions to self-enhancing, self-denigrating, and accurate self-presentations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18(1), 89-104.
Schlenker, B. R., & Pontari, B. A. (2000). The strategic control of information: Impression management and self-presentation in daily life. In A Tesser, R. Felson, & Suls (Eds.) Perspectives on Self and Identity (199-232). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
Schmitt, B. (2014). The changing face of Asian consumer: Insights and strategies for Asian markets. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Sedikides, C. (1993). Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self- evaluation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(2), 317- 338.
Smith, A. (2015). U.S. Smartphone use in 2015. Pew Research Center. Retrieved on July 2, 2015 from http://www.pewInternet.org/files/2015/03/PI_Smartphones_ 0401151.pdf
Swann, W. B. (1983). Self-verification: bringing social reality into harmony with the self. Social Psychological Perspectives on the Self, 2, 33-66.
Thayer, S. E., & Ray, S. (2006). Online communication preferences across age, gender, and duration of Internet use. CyberPsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 9(4), 432-440.
Vigil, J. M. (2009). A socio-relational framework of sex differences in the expression of emotion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32(5), 375-390.
Walker, T. L., & Tracey, T. G. (2012). The role of future time perspective in career decision-making. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(2), 150-158.
Wills, T. A., Sandy, J. M., & Yaeger, A. M. (2001). Time perspective and early-onset substance use: a model based on stress-coping theory. Psychology and Addictive Behaviors, 15, 118-125.
Wu, Ch.-Y., & He, G.-B. (2012). The effects of time perspective and salience of possible Monetary losses on intertemporal choice. Social Behavior and Personality, 40(10), 1645-1654.
Young, K. S. (1998). Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 1(3), 237-244.
Young, K. S. (1999). The research and controversy surrounding Internet addiction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 2(5), 381-383.
Young, K. S. (2008). Internet sex addiction: Risk factors, stages of development, and treatment. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(1), 21-37.
Zimbardo, P. G., Keough, K. A., & Boyd, J. N. (1997). Present time perspective as a predictor of risky driving. Personality and Individual Differences, 23(6), 1007-1023.
Zimbardo, P., & Boyd, J. (2008). The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. New York: Free Press.
Zocial Rank (2014). ASEAN Ranking. Retrieved from http//www.ditc.co.th/th/news
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30.12.2016
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พัฒน์ธนญานนท์ พ. THE MAIN EFFECTS OF GENDER AND AGE OF FACEBOOK USERS ON MULTIPLE FACETS OF FACEBOOK INTENSITY. RMUTT Global Business and Economics Review, Pathum Thani, Thailand, v. 11, n. 2, p. 87–102, 2016. Disponível em: https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/RMUTT-Gber/article/view/241964. Acesso em: 4 may. 2024.
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