A Comparative Study of “Karma” in Sukhavati Buddhism and “Kamma 12” in Theravada Buddhism

Abstract

This research article examines whether Sukhavati’s doctrine of karma and its fruit can be explained in comparison to Theravada’s doctrine of “kamma 12.” Since birth in Sukhavati is classified into three levels and nine classes, the first six classes of existence in Sukhavati can be effectively explained through Theravada’s teaching on kamma 12. However, the three lowest classes need more emphasis on actions performed at the moment of death, the sudden emergence of ecstatic vision (through the virtual lotus) at death, Amitabha Buddha’s compassion, and the ardent power of Dhammakara Bodhisattva’s vow, in order to fully align Sukhavati’s teaching with Theravada teaching. Sukhavati’s teaching of karma does not contradict Theravada’s doctrine of kamma if we understand that the condition for enlightenment at Sukhavati is based on the belief in the “Only-Way,” rather than the belief in the “Diverse-Way,” of liberation. Wicked individuals may enter Sukhavati easily, but their path to liberation is most difficult and unimaginably prolonged. Ultimately, Sukhavati’s teaching of karma reflects the subtle Mahayana wisdom hidden in the infinite Mahayana compassion.