Laugh Your Way Back to Democracy: Thailand’s ‘Red Sunday’ group and humorous nonviolent actions
Article Sidebar
Published:
Jun 29, 2015
Keywords:
nonviolent protest humor Red Sunday Thailand
Main Article Content
Abstract
This article seeks to analyze the impact humorous nonviolent actions had on a social movement operating under repressive circumstances. The focus rests upon Thailand’s Red Sunday group which emerged after the 2010 military crackdown. The group showed that humorous nonviolent actions could induce two political advantages: disarming of the opponent and disarming of the movement itself. Playful nonviolent tactics enable protesters’ avoidance of possible arrests by creating a crisis of legitimacy for the authorities. For the movement’s members, humor helped them to achieve self-reflection, encouraging a positive outlook of where nonviolent options were available they were creative enough. The Thai case resonates with the experiences of social movements in many societies where humor contributed to overcoming fear and creating hope.
Article Details
How to Cite
Sombatpoonsiri, J. (2015). Laugh Your Way Back to Democracy: Thailand’s ‘Red Sunday’ group and humorous nonviolent actions. Journal of Human Rights and Peace Studies, 1(1), 69–106. Retrieved from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/HRPS/article/view/154418
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References
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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Barker, C. (2001). “Fear, Laughter, and Collective Power:
The Making of Solidarity at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk,
Poland, August 1980.” In J. Goodwin, J. M. Jasper &
F. Polleta (Eds.). Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social
Movements (pp. 145 - 94). The University of Chicago Press:
Chicago.
Bakhtin, M. (1984). Rabelais and His World. Translated by
Helene Iswolsky. Indiana: Indiana University Press.
Bangkok Pundit. (2009, April 13). “It Begins.” Retrieved
August 25, 2015, from https://www.blogger.com/blogin.
g?blogspotURL=https://bangkokpundit.blogspot.com/
2009/04/it-begins.html.
Benford, R. D. & D.A. Snow. (2000). “Framing Processes and
Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment.”
Annual Review of Sociology 26, 611 - 639.
Benton, G. (1988). “The Origins of the Political Jokes.” In
C. Powell & G. E. C. Paton (Eds.). Humor in Society:
Resistance and Control (pp. 33 - 55). London: Macmillan
Press.
Bruner, M. L. (2005). “Carnivalesque Protest and the Humorless
State.” Text and Performance Quarterly 25(2), 136 - 155.
Burke, P. (1990). Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe.
New York: Harper and Row.
Burrowes, R. (1996). The Strategy of Nonviolent Defense:
A Gandhian Approach. New York: State University of
New York Press.
Chaiwat S. (2010). “Courting Nonviolent Confrontation in
a House Divided: What can be done?” Bangkok Post
(March 11).
Chaiwat S., Janjira S., Jularat D. & Chanchai C. (2013).
“Humor, Witnessing and Cyber Nonviolent Action:
current research on innovative tactical nonviolent actions
against tyranny, ethnic violence and hatred.” In Akihiko K.
& Vidya J. (Eds). New Paradigms of Peace Research:
The Asia Pacific Context (pp. 137 - 155). New Delhi: Rawat
Publications.
Chenoweth, E. & M. J. Stephan. (2011). Why Civil Resistance Works:
The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict. New York:
Columbia University Press.
Douglas, M. (1984). Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology.
London & Boston: Routledge.
Docker, J. (1994). Postmodernism and Popular Culture: Cultural
History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dudouet, V. (2009). “From War to Politics: Resistance/Liberation
Movements in Transition.” Bergohf Research Center for
Constructive Conflict Management. Retrieved May 16, 2010,
from https://www.berghof-peacesupport.org/publications/
RLM_From_War_To_Politics_-_Resistance_-Liberation_
Movements.pdf.
Handelman, D. (1981). “The Ritual-Clown: Attributes and Affinities.”
Anthropos 76, 321 - 370.
Harris, M. (2003). Carnival and Other Christian Festivals: Folk
Theology and Folk Performance. Texas: University of
Texas Press.
Hiller, H. H. (1983). “Humor and Hostility: A Neglected Aspect
of Social Movement Analysis.” Qualitative Sociology 6(3),
255 - 265.
Human Rights Watch. (2011, May 3). “Descent into Chaos:
Thailand’s 2010 Red Shirt Protests and the Government
Crackdown.” Retrieved May 15, 2012, from https://www.
hrw.org/node/98399/section/10.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization
of Experience. Cambridge: Harvard Unniversity Press.
Janjira S. (2015). Humor and Nonviolent Struggle in Serbia.
New York: Syracuse University Press.
Jessada C. & Wittayakorn B. (Eds.). (2012). People Against Coup:
Coups in Retrospect and Measures to Prevent Future
Coups. Bangkok: Laisen.
Kasian T. 2006. “Toppling Thaksin.” New Left Review 39 (May -
June). Retrieved August 7, 2007, from https://newleftreview.
org/II/39/kasian-tejapira-toppling-thaksin.
Kasian T. (2010). “Directions for Changes in Thai Politics: Before
and after the May atrocities.” In Kittiphong S. (Ed). Red
Why: Thai Society, Problems and the Emergence of Red
Shirts. Bangkok: Open Books.
le Goff, J. (1997). “Laughter in the Middle Ages.” In J. Bremmer &
H. Roodenburg (Eds.). A Cultural History of Humour:
From Antiquity to the Present Day (pp. 40 - 53). Cambridge:
Polity Press.
Matichon. (2010, September 19). “Red Shirts called off their
protests at Rachaprasong. They’d broke it down into
pickets. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://matichon.
co.th/news_detail.php?newsid=1284884248&grpid=00&c
atid=.
Matichon. (2011, September 17). “Sombat organized an ‘expo of
horizontal leadership’ to improve skills of Red Shirts
to better communicate with middle class.” Retrieved
December 6, 2012, from https://www.matichon.co.th/
news_detail.php?newsid=1316267496&grpid=03&catid=
&subcatid=.
Melucci, A. (1996). Challenging Codes: Collective Action in
the Information Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Montesano, M. J. (2011). “Four Thai pathologies, late 2009.”
In M. Askew (Ed.). Legitimacy and Crisis in Thailand
(pp. 273 - 297). Chaing Mai: Silkworm.
Naruemon T. and D.McCargo. (2011). “Urbanized Villagers in
the 2010 Thai Redshirt Protests: Not Just Poor Farmers?”
Asian Survey 51(6), 993 - 1018.
Nithi I. (2010). Reading Thai Politics. Bangkok: Openbooks.
Pavin C. (2014). Good Coup Gone Bad: Thailand’s Political
Development since Thaksin’s Downfall. Singapore: Institute
of Southeast Asian Studies.
Pelton, L. H. (1974). The Psychology of Nonviolence. New York:
Pergamon Press Inc.
Prachatai. (2010a, May 21). “Demonstrations underway close to
the Ladprao 71 highway. CRES ordered the erection of
checkpoints.” Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://www.
prachatai3.info/journal/2010/05/29669.
Prachatai. (2010b, May 26). “The kick-off of symbolic campaigns
“Red Sunday.” Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://
www.prachatai3.info/journal/2010/05/29773.
Prachatai. (2010c, July 25). “In photo: 400 Red Shirts exercised in
the Red Sunday campaign.” Retrieved December 6, 2012,
from https://www.prachatai3.info/journal/2010/07/30446.
Prachatai. (2010d, August 9). “Red Shirts jogged in the Santipab
park – Sombat supported the PAD’s demonstration, asking
if Red Shirts could also use the National Stadium next
time.” Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://www.
prachatai3.info/journal/2010/08/30625.
Prachatai. (2010e, August 30). “Red Shirts organized ‘shopping
for the sake of our nation,’ preparing the commemoration
of the forth anniversary of 19 Sept coup.” Retrieved
December 6, 2012, from https://www.prachatai3.info/
journal/2010/08/30888.
Prachatai. (2010f, July 5). “ ‘Little Red Ridding Hood’ What
shall we do tomorrow?” Retrieved December 6, 2012, from
https://www.prachatai3.info/journal/2010/07/30202.
Prachatai. (2010g, July 12). “Sombat tied red cloth in Ratchapra-
song.” Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://www.
prachatai3.info/journal/2010/07/30289.
Prachatai. (2010f, September 13). “Haunting Soliders with Ghost
Costumes So They Remember What They Did to Us).”
Retrieved December 6, 2012, from, https://prachatai.com/
journal/2010/09/31066.
Prachatai. (2010i, September 19). “Red Shirts commemorated
the forth coup anniversary and four months after the crackdown
at Rachaprasong intersection.” Retrieved December 6,
2012, from https://www.prachatai3.info/journal/2010/09/
31153.
Prachatai. (2010j, August 7). “Sombat in a student uniform tied
red cloth in Chiang Rai.” Retrieved December 6, 2012,
from https://www.prachatai3.info/journal/2010/08/30616.
Prachatai. (2010k, October 27). “Prongdon Rangers mocked Ban
Ki-moon at the UN headquarters.” Retrieved December 6,
2012, from https://prachatai.com/journal/2010/10/31660.
Prachatai. (2010, February 14). “Chiang Mai Red Shirts held a press
conference to announce the organization of Loi Krathong
festival).” Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://www.
prachatai3.info/journal/2010/11/31898.
Prachatai. (2011a, January 8). “Activities in the National Children’s
Day in retrospect. The kids refused playing with soldiers
or supporting dictatorship.” Retrieved December 6, 2012,
from https://prachatai.com/journal/2011/01/32581.
Prachatai. (2011b, January 8). “Chiang Mai Red Shirts organized
a Children’s Day festival proposing ‘no play with soldiers’.”
Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://www.prachatai3.
info/journal/2011/01/32579.
Prachatai. (2011c, December 7). “Red Shirts’ talk show, Asking
for It. Being behind bars, mocked problems of Thai
politics.” Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://www.
prachatai3.info/journal/2010/12/32188.
Pye, O. & W. Schaffar. (2008). “The 2006 Anti-Thaksin Movement
in Thailand: An Analysis.” Journal of Contemporary Asia
38(1), 38 - 61.
Romanienko, L. A. (2007). “Antagonism, Absurdity, and the
Avant-Garde: Dismantling Soviet Oppression through
the Use of Theatrical Devices by Poland’s “Orange
Solidairity Movement.” In Marjolein’t H. & D. B. (Eds).
Humor and Social Protest (pp.133 - 152). Cambridge:
The Press Synicate of the Cambridge University,.
Sarakadee Magazine. (2009, October). “Mirror.Or.Th: Reflection
on Volunteering through Sombat’s Use of Internet.”
Saxer, M. (2014). In the Vertigo of Change: How to Resolve
Thailand’s Transformation Crisis. Bangkok: OpenWorlds.
Scheff, T. J. (1984). “The Taboo on Coarse Emotions.” In P. Shaver
(Ed.) Review of Personality and Social Psychology
(pp. 146 - 169). California: Sage.
Scott, J. C. (1990). Domination and the Arts of Resistance. New
Haven & London: Yale University Press.
Sharp, G. (1973). The Politics of Nonviolent Action. Boston, MA:
Porter Sargent.
_______. (2005). Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century
Practice and 21st Century Potential. Boston, MA: Porter
Sargent.
Shepard, B. (2005). “The Use of Joyfulness as a Community
Organizing Strategy.” Peace & Change 30(4), 435 - 468.
Shepard, B. (2010). Queer Political Performance and Protest: Play,
Pleasure and Social Movements. New York: Routledge.
Sørensen, M. Jul. (2008). “Humor as a Serious Strategy of
Nonviolent Resistance to Oppression.” Peace and Change
33(2), 167 - 190.
Strategic Nonviolence Committee. (2011). Lessons from the
Demonstrations and Political Violence between March and
May 2010. Bangkok: Thailand Research Fund.
Truth for Reconciliation Commission of Thailand. (2011).
“The Report by the Truth for Reconciliation Commission
of Thailand (TRCT), July 2010 - July 2011.” Bangkok:
Government House.
Uchane C. (2011a). “The origin of Red Shirts as counter-movement.”
Fah Diew Kan 9(3), 123 - 154.
______. (2011b, February 8). “Lifting the scale of violence, fear,
self-defense and anger: field notes of efforts made for
a nonviolent struggle amidst violence. Prachatai. Retrieved
May 10, 2012, from https://prachatai.com/journal/2011/02/
33184.
Wassana N. (2010). Secrecy, Deception and Concealment (Lap Laung
Prang). Bangkok: Matichon Publishing.
Wettergren, Å. (2009). “Fun and Laughter: Culture Jamming and
the Emotional Regime of Late Capitalism.” Social Movement
Studies 8(1), 1 - 15.
Worapoj P. (2010). “The Sweetened-Chlled Red Insurgent: An
Interview with Sombat.” October Magazine (pp. 146 - 148).
Bangkok: Open Books.
Voice TV. (2010, December 6). “Talk show, Asking for it. Being
behind bars, was packed with audience. Retrieved January
10, 2013, from https://archive.voicetv.co.th/content/26014/
ทอล์คโชว์วอนนอนคุกผู้ชมแน่น.
Zijderveld, A. C. (1982). Reality in a Looking-Glass: Rationality
through an Analysis of Traditional Folly. London: Routledge.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Barker, C. (2001). “Fear, Laughter, and Collective Power:
The Making of Solidarity at the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk,
Poland, August 1980.” In J. Goodwin, J. M. Jasper &
F. Polleta (Eds.). Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social
Movements (pp. 145 - 94). The University of Chicago Press:
Chicago.
Bakhtin, M. (1984). Rabelais and His World. Translated by
Helene Iswolsky. Indiana: Indiana University Press.
Bangkok Pundit. (2009, April 13). “It Begins.” Retrieved
August 25, 2015, from https://www.blogger.com/blogin.
g?blogspotURL=https://bangkokpundit.blogspot.com/
2009/04/it-begins.html.
Benford, R. D. & D.A. Snow. (2000). “Framing Processes and
Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment.”
Annual Review of Sociology 26, 611 - 639.
Benton, G. (1988). “The Origins of the Political Jokes.” In
C. Powell & G. E. C. Paton (Eds.). Humor in Society:
Resistance and Control (pp. 33 - 55). London: Macmillan
Press.
Bruner, M. L. (2005). “Carnivalesque Protest and the Humorless
State.” Text and Performance Quarterly 25(2), 136 - 155.
Burke, P. (1990). Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe.
New York: Harper and Row.
Burrowes, R. (1996). The Strategy of Nonviolent Defense:
A Gandhian Approach. New York: State University of
New York Press.
Chaiwat S. (2010). “Courting Nonviolent Confrontation in
a House Divided: What can be done?” Bangkok Post
(March 11).
Chaiwat S., Janjira S., Jularat D. & Chanchai C. (2013).
“Humor, Witnessing and Cyber Nonviolent Action:
current research on innovative tactical nonviolent actions
against tyranny, ethnic violence and hatred.” In Akihiko K.
& Vidya J. (Eds). New Paradigms of Peace Research:
The Asia Pacific Context (pp. 137 - 155). New Delhi: Rawat
Publications.
Chenoweth, E. & M. J. Stephan. (2011). Why Civil Resistance Works:
The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict. New York:
Columbia University Press.
Douglas, M. (1984). Implicit Meanings: Essays in Anthropology.
London & Boston: Routledge.
Docker, J. (1994). Postmodernism and Popular Culture: Cultural
History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Dudouet, V. (2009). “From War to Politics: Resistance/Liberation
Movements in Transition.” Bergohf Research Center for
Constructive Conflict Management. Retrieved May 16, 2010,
from https://www.berghof-peacesupport.org/publications/
RLM_From_War_To_Politics_-_Resistance_-Liberation_
Movements.pdf.
Handelman, D. (1981). “The Ritual-Clown: Attributes and Affinities.”
Anthropos 76, 321 - 370.
Harris, M. (2003). Carnival and Other Christian Festivals: Folk
Theology and Folk Performance. Texas: University of
Texas Press.
Hiller, H. H. (1983). “Humor and Hostility: A Neglected Aspect
of Social Movement Analysis.” Qualitative Sociology 6(3),
255 - 265.
Human Rights Watch. (2011, May 3). “Descent into Chaos:
Thailand’s 2010 Red Shirt Protests and the Government
Crackdown.” Retrieved May 15, 2012, from https://www.
hrw.org/node/98399/section/10.
Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization
of Experience. Cambridge: Harvard Unniversity Press.
Janjira S. (2015). Humor and Nonviolent Struggle in Serbia.
New York: Syracuse University Press.
Jessada C. & Wittayakorn B. (Eds.). (2012). People Against Coup:
Coups in Retrospect and Measures to Prevent Future
Coups. Bangkok: Laisen.
Kasian T. 2006. “Toppling Thaksin.” New Left Review 39 (May -
June). Retrieved August 7, 2007, from https://newleftreview.
org/II/39/kasian-tejapira-toppling-thaksin.
Kasian T. (2010). “Directions for Changes in Thai Politics: Before
and after the May atrocities.” In Kittiphong S. (Ed). Red
Why: Thai Society, Problems and the Emergence of Red
Shirts. Bangkok: Open Books.
le Goff, J. (1997). “Laughter in the Middle Ages.” In J. Bremmer &
H. Roodenburg (Eds.). A Cultural History of Humour:
From Antiquity to the Present Day (pp. 40 - 53). Cambridge:
Polity Press.
Matichon. (2010, September 19). “Red Shirts called off their
protests at Rachaprasong. They’d broke it down into
pickets. Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://matichon.
co.th/news_detail.php?newsid=1284884248&grpid=00&c
atid=.
Matichon. (2011, September 17). “Sombat organized an ‘expo of
horizontal leadership’ to improve skills of Red Shirts
to better communicate with middle class.” Retrieved
December 6, 2012, from https://www.matichon.co.th/
news_detail.php?newsid=1316267496&grpid=03&catid=
&subcatid=.
Melucci, A. (1996). Challenging Codes: Collective Action in
the Information Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Montesano, M. J. (2011). “Four Thai pathologies, late 2009.”
In M. Askew (Ed.). Legitimacy and Crisis in Thailand
(pp. 273 - 297). Chaing Mai: Silkworm.
Naruemon T. and D.McCargo. (2011). “Urbanized Villagers in
the 2010 Thai Redshirt Protests: Not Just Poor Farmers?”
Asian Survey 51(6), 993 - 1018.
Nithi I. (2010). Reading Thai Politics. Bangkok: Openbooks.
Pavin C. (2014). Good Coup Gone Bad: Thailand’s Political
Development since Thaksin’s Downfall. Singapore: Institute
of Southeast Asian Studies.
Pelton, L. H. (1974). The Psychology of Nonviolence. New York:
Pergamon Press Inc.
Prachatai. (2010a, May 21). “Demonstrations underway close to
the Ladprao 71 highway. CRES ordered the erection of
checkpoints.” Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://www.
prachatai3.info/journal/2010/05/29669.
Prachatai. (2010b, May 26). “The kick-off of symbolic campaigns
“Red Sunday.” Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://
www.prachatai3.info/journal/2010/05/29773.
Prachatai. (2010c, July 25). “In photo: 400 Red Shirts exercised in
the Red Sunday campaign.” Retrieved December 6, 2012,
from https://www.prachatai3.info/journal/2010/07/30446.
Prachatai. (2010d, August 9). “Red Shirts jogged in the Santipab
park – Sombat supported the PAD’s demonstration, asking
if Red Shirts could also use the National Stadium next
time.” Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://www.
prachatai3.info/journal/2010/08/30625.
Prachatai. (2010e, August 30). “Red Shirts organized ‘shopping
for the sake of our nation,’ preparing the commemoration
of the forth anniversary of 19 Sept coup.” Retrieved
December 6, 2012, from https://www.prachatai3.info/
journal/2010/08/30888.
Prachatai. (2010f, July 5). “ ‘Little Red Ridding Hood’ What
shall we do tomorrow?” Retrieved December 6, 2012, from
https://www.prachatai3.info/journal/2010/07/30202.
Prachatai. (2010g, July 12). “Sombat tied red cloth in Ratchapra-
song.” Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://www.
prachatai3.info/journal/2010/07/30289.
Prachatai. (2010f, September 13). “Haunting Soliders with Ghost
Costumes So They Remember What They Did to Us).”
Retrieved December 6, 2012, from, https://prachatai.com/
journal/2010/09/31066.
Prachatai. (2010i, September 19). “Red Shirts commemorated
the forth coup anniversary and four months after the crackdown
at Rachaprasong intersection.” Retrieved December 6,
2012, from https://www.prachatai3.info/journal/2010/09/
31153.
Prachatai. (2010j, August 7). “Sombat in a student uniform tied
red cloth in Chiang Rai.” Retrieved December 6, 2012,
from https://www.prachatai3.info/journal/2010/08/30616.
Prachatai. (2010k, October 27). “Prongdon Rangers mocked Ban
Ki-moon at the UN headquarters.” Retrieved December 6,
2012, from https://prachatai.com/journal/2010/10/31660.
Prachatai. (2010, February 14). “Chiang Mai Red Shirts held a press
conference to announce the organization of Loi Krathong
festival).” Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://www.
prachatai3.info/journal/2010/11/31898.
Prachatai. (2011a, January 8). “Activities in the National Children’s
Day in retrospect. The kids refused playing with soldiers
or supporting dictatorship.” Retrieved December 6, 2012,
from https://prachatai.com/journal/2011/01/32581.
Prachatai. (2011b, January 8). “Chiang Mai Red Shirts organized
a Children’s Day festival proposing ‘no play with soldiers’.”
Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://www.prachatai3.
info/journal/2011/01/32579.
Prachatai. (2011c, December 7). “Red Shirts’ talk show, Asking
for It. Being behind bars, mocked problems of Thai
politics.” Retrieved December 6, 2012, from https://www.
prachatai3.info/journal/2010/12/32188.
Pye, O. & W. Schaffar. (2008). “The 2006 Anti-Thaksin Movement
in Thailand: An Analysis.” Journal of Contemporary Asia
38(1), 38 - 61.
Romanienko, L. A. (2007). “Antagonism, Absurdity, and the
Avant-Garde: Dismantling Soviet Oppression through
the Use of Theatrical Devices by Poland’s “Orange
Solidairity Movement.” In Marjolein’t H. & D. B. (Eds).
Humor and Social Protest (pp.133 - 152). Cambridge:
The Press Synicate of the Cambridge University,.
Sarakadee Magazine. (2009, October). “Mirror.Or.Th: Reflection
on Volunteering through Sombat’s Use of Internet.”
Saxer, M. (2014). In the Vertigo of Change: How to Resolve
Thailand’s Transformation Crisis. Bangkok: OpenWorlds.
Scheff, T. J. (1984). “The Taboo on Coarse Emotions.” In P. Shaver
(Ed.) Review of Personality and Social Psychology
(pp. 146 - 169). California: Sage.
Scott, J. C. (1990). Domination and the Arts of Resistance. New
Haven & London: Yale University Press.
Sharp, G. (1973). The Politics of Nonviolent Action. Boston, MA:
Porter Sargent.
_______. (2005). Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century
Practice and 21st Century Potential. Boston, MA: Porter
Sargent.
Shepard, B. (2005). “The Use of Joyfulness as a Community
Organizing Strategy.” Peace & Change 30(4), 435 - 468.
Shepard, B. (2010). Queer Political Performance and Protest: Play,
Pleasure and Social Movements. New York: Routledge.
Sørensen, M. Jul. (2008). “Humor as a Serious Strategy of
Nonviolent Resistance to Oppression.” Peace and Change
33(2), 167 - 190.
Strategic Nonviolence Committee. (2011). Lessons from the
Demonstrations and Political Violence between March and
May 2010. Bangkok: Thailand Research Fund.
Truth for Reconciliation Commission of Thailand. (2011).
“The Report by the Truth for Reconciliation Commission
of Thailand (TRCT), July 2010 - July 2011.” Bangkok:
Government House.
Uchane C. (2011a). “The origin of Red Shirts as counter-movement.”
Fah Diew Kan 9(3), 123 - 154.
______. (2011b, February 8). “Lifting the scale of violence, fear,
self-defense and anger: field notes of efforts made for
a nonviolent struggle amidst violence. Prachatai. Retrieved
May 10, 2012, from https://prachatai.com/journal/2011/02/
33184.
Wassana N. (2010). Secrecy, Deception and Concealment (Lap Laung
Prang). Bangkok: Matichon Publishing.
Wettergren, Å. (2009). “Fun and Laughter: Culture Jamming and
the Emotional Regime of Late Capitalism.” Social Movement
Studies 8(1), 1 - 15.
Worapoj P. (2010). “The Sweetened-Chlled Red Insurgent: An
Interview with Sombat.” October Magazine (pp. 146 - 148).
Bangkok: Open Books.
Voice TV. (2010, December 6). “Talk show, Asking for it. Being
behind bars, was packed with audience. Retrieved January
10, 2013, from https://archive.voicetv.co.th/content/26014/
ทอล์คโชว์วอนนอนคุกผู้ชมแน่น.
Zijderveld, A. C. (1982). Reality in a Looking-Glass: Rationality
through an Analysis of Traditional Folly. London: Routledge.