DEMOCRACY, DEVELOPMENTAL STATE AND NEO-AUTHORITARIANISM
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Abstract
This article aims to study democracy, developmental state and neo-authoritarian theories as many countries have entered the state of neo-authoritarian developmental states without necessarily being authoritarian states. Therefore, the author would like to understand how the states use development and economic growth as excuses to govern the markets. As well, the author practices literature review and documentary research to explore the theories and cases and conclude that democracy is not necessary when it comes to economic development and, on the other hand, authoritarianism is more effective for the countries to rapidly develop as it allows the countries to operate their chain of command.
Developmental state theory was first mentioned by Charmer Johnson in describing Japanese context that its government had intervened the market in 1980-1990. Japan had been the model for economic development for developing countries in Asia and it was discovered that developmental state concept was implemented hand in hand with nationalist policies to assure that politics and economy would be operated towards the same direction, and to build cultural frame that the state is of and for the nation. In some cases, the state might have to “get the price wrong” to secure the nation’s targeted industries which is opposite to neoclassical economics’ idea of “getting the price right”. Apart from Japan, Korea and Taiwan are also models of developmental state where Taiwan is known for being neo-developmental state because it uses import-substitution industrialization and gives both direct and indirect support to private sector. However, states cannot freely impose economic policies in globalization era as international organizations are also in the picture. Therefore, they need to adapt economic policies to cope with globalization.
Neo-authoritarian developmental state idea in Southeast Asian and Asian countries was formed by economic policies of Singapore and China that the states lead economic policies and reduce importance of democracy while putting primacy of politics in place as the main force that lets the states implement neo-authoritarian developmental state policies more effectively. As well, China is a model of a country that its economy has grown steadily though it is not a liberal democratic country. This article aims to clarify developmental state idea and neo-authoritarianism.
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