Gender and Participation in Governance of Panchayat Raj Institutions in Karnataka

Abstract

The inclusion of women in Panchayat Raj Institutions through constitutional enactments aimed to foster an environment of equality and social inclusion. As we approach 30 years since the 73rd Constitutional Amendment, which empowered women in Panchayat Raj Institutions (PRIs), it is essential to evaluate its impact. Karnataka pioneered this initiative by reserving 25% of Zilla Parishad and Mandal Panchayat seats for women in 1983, emphasizing gender-inclusive power distribution. This paper assesses whether this representation has led to effective and accountable participation across caste, religion, region, and class. Combining statistical data and qualitative insights, the study analyzes women’s participation in decentralized governance and planning, highlighting both positive and negative aspects. This paper explores the theoretical framework of decentralization, which argues that it enhances governance quality and service delivery through broad participation, aiming to empower marginalized classes, including women. However, patriarchal norms, gender-related violence, household duties, and male bias often restrict women’s public participation. Despite these challenges, elected women representatives (EWRs) have gained socio-economic and political empowerment, improved self-perception as leaders, and increased ambition. The study collected data from four Zilla Panchayats in Karnataka namely Kolar, Dakshina Kannada, Haveri, and Yadgir and covered 40 GPs selected based on Human Development Index (HDI) values. The analysis is structured around four key objectives: Elected Women Representatives’ access to decision-making, political and financial autonomy, accountability to pre-election promises, and effectiveness in sustained planning and development. Preliminary findings reflect on elected women representatives’ participation in grassroots political leadership, highlighting progress and ongoing challenges in achieving meaningful and impactful political empowerment for women in decentralized governance.