Military Business of Tatmadaw during General Ne Win Regime (1962-1988)
Article Sidebar
Published:
Dec 9, 2020
Keywords:
Military Business Tatmadaw Myanmar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The purpose of this research is to study and analyze the business of Myanmar Armed Forces or Tatmadaw during General Ne Win Regime (1962-1988). This documentary research is conducted by applying the Ruler Military Domination by Ayesha Siddiqa, from SOAS University of London, as a framework. The study showed that during General Ne Win Regime (1962-1988), the role of Tatmadaw was in the form of ‘Ruler Military Domination’. Having important roles in preventing internal threats and conflicts of political crisis, the Tatmadaw perceived themselves as a main actor in building the unity of the nation since the national independence. These led to the absolute domination of the country, especially in politics. The Tatmadaw used the political power for consolidating and expanding their independent economic base. Several Burmese businesses, both individuals and institutions, were monopolized. More importantly, they abused the state power to corrupt and maintain their political power and connections. Furthermore, they conducted three unofficial businesses; taking control of foreigner merchants’ businesses, involving in black market, and engaging in narcotic drugs trafficking. The Tatmadaw, nevertheless, had no intention to create the favorable and strong economic system for Burmese.
Article Details
How to Cite
Rueangrattanakorn, A. . (2020). Military Business of Tatmadaw during General Ne Win Regime (1962-1988). Journal of Politics and Governance, 10(3), 19–39. Retrieved from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jopag/article/view/248537
Section
Research Articles
References
สุรชาติ บำรุงสุข. (2561). รัฐและอุดมการณ์ทหารในลาตินอเมริกา. กรุงเทพฯ: พารากราฟ.
Adas, M. (2011). The Burma Delta: Economic Development and Social Change on an Asian Rice Frontier, 1852-1941. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Agyeman, O. (2001). Africa’s Persistent Vulnerable Link to Global Politics. Lincoln, NE: iUniversity Press.
Altsean Burma. (2002). Report Card: New Page, Old Story. Bangkok: White Lotus Press.
Aung Moe San. (2006, 25 March). Myanmar Tatmadaw with Fine Traditions. The New Light of Myanmar, 7.
Aung Saw. (2003, 5 December). A Tale of Two Ladies. The Irrawaddy. Retrieved January 21, 2020, from https://www2.irrawaddy.com/article.php? art_id=54&page=2
Aung Saw. (2008, 15 December). Sandar Win Released from House Arrest. The Irrawaddy. Retrieved January 21, 2020, from https://www2.irrawaddy.com/ opinion_story.php?art _id=14799
Banerji, S. C. (1963). The Autonomous IDC. Far Eastern Economic Review, 39(4), 145-147.
Badgley, J. H. (1969). Two Styles of Military Rule: Thailand and Burma. Government and Opposition, 4(1), 100-117.
Boucaud, A., & Boucaud, L. (1992). Burma’s Golden Triangle: On the Trail of the Opium Warlords. Bangkok: Asia Books.
Buchanan, J. (2016). Militias in Myanmar. Yangon: The Asia Foundation.
Cady, J. F. (1953). The Situation in Burma. Far Eastern Survey, 22(5), 49-54.
Chang, Wen-Chin. (2014a). Beyond Borders: Stories of Yunnanese Chinese Migrants of Burma. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Chang, Wen-Chin. (2014b). By Sea and by Land: Stories of Two Chinese Traders. In Wen-Chin Chang and Eric Tagliacozzo (Eds.). Burmese Lives: Ordinary Life Stories under the Burmese Regime. 174-202. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Directorate of Information, Government of the Union of Burma. (1967). A Handbook of Burma. Rangoon: Sarpay Beikman Press.
Egreteau, R. (2017). Parliamentary Development in Myanmar: An Overview of the Union Parliament, 2011-2016. Yangon: The Asia Foundation.
Egreteau, R., & Jagan, L. (2014). Soldiers and Diplomacy in Burma: Understanding the Foreign Relations of the Burmese Praetorian State. Singapore: NUS Press.
Fenichel, A., & Khan, A. (1981). The Burmese Way to 'Socialism’. World Development, 9(9-10), 813-824.
Fink, C. (2001). Living Silence: Burma under Military Rule. New York, NY: Zed Books.
Geddes, B. (2003). Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
Holmes, R. A. (1987). Burmese Domestic Policy: The Politics of Burmanization. Asian Survey, 7(3), 188-197.
Investment Permits. (1963). Far Eastern Economic Review, 39(4), 147.
Janowitz, M. (1964). The Military in the Political Development of New Nations: An Essay in Comparative Analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Kipgen, N. (2016). Myanmar: A Political History. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Kyaw Yin Hlaing. (2000). The Political Economy of Hmaung-kho in Socialist Myanmar. Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 15(1), 65-114.
Lissak, M. (1964). Social Change, Mobilization, and Exchange of Services between the Military Establishment and the Civil Society: The Burmese Case. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 13(1), 1-19.
Mya Maung. (1998). The Burma Road to Capitalism: Economic Growth Versus Democracy. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Mya Than. (1996). Myanmar’s External Trade: An Overview in the Southeast Asian Context. Singapore: ISEAS.
Nakanishi, Y. (2013). Strong Soldiers, Failed Revolution: The State and Military in Burma, 1968-1988. Singapore: NUS Press.
Olson, M. (2000). Power and Prosperity: Outgrowing Communist and Capitalist Dictatorship. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Pradiptyo, R. (2015). A Certain Uncertainty; Assessment of Court Decisions in Tackling Corruption in Indonesia. In R. N. Ghosh & M. A. B. Siddique (Eds.). Corruption, Good Governance and Economic Development: Contemporary Analysis and Case Studies. 167-216. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
Pye, L. W. (1959). Armies in the Process of Political Modernization. Cambridge, MA: Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Pye, L. W. (1962). The Army in Burmese Politics. In J. J. Johnson (Ed.). The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries. 231-251. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Seekins, D. M. (2002). The Disorder in Order: The Army-State in Burma since 1962. Bangkok: White Lotus.
Selth, A. (2017). Burma’s Armed Forces: Power without Glory (2nd ed.). Manchester: Eastbridge Books.
Siddiqa, A. (2017). Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy (2nd ed.). Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Silverstein, J. (1967). Burma: Military Rule and Politics of Stagnation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Smith, D. E. (1965). Religion and Politics in Burma. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Smith, M. (1994). Ethnic Groups in Burma: Development, Democracy and Human Rights. London: Anti-Slavery International.
Steinberg, D. I. (1982). Burma: A Socialist Nation of Southeast Asia. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Steinberg, D. I. (2010). Burma/Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Taylor, R. H. (2009). The State in Myanmar. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
Thomson, J. S. (1957). Burmese Neutralism. Political Science Quarterly, 72(2), 261-283.
Trager, F. N. (1956). Burma’s Foreign Policy, 1948-56: Neutralism, Third Force, and Rice. The Journal of Asian Studies, 16(1), 89-102
Trumbull, R. (1962, 8 March). Burmese Official Says Crisis Forced Coup. The Dallas Morning News, 5.
Tucker, S. (2001). Burma: Curse of Independence. London: Pluto Press.
U Thaung. (1990). Army’s Accumulation of Economic Power in Burma, 1940-1990. The Burma Review, 20, 17-22.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (1964). Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Vol. 5 – Trade Expansion and Regional Groupings Part 2. New York, NY: United Nations.
Win Min. (2004). Burmese Military Government: Crony Capitalism in Uniform. In D. A. Metraux and Khin Oo (Eds.). Burma’s Modern Tragedy. 45-67. Lexiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
Adas, M. (2011). The Burma Delta: Economic Development and Social Change on an Asian Rice Frontier, 1852-1941. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
Agyeman, O. (2001). Africa’s Persistent Vulnerable Link to Global Politics. Lincoln, NE: iUniversity Press.
Altsean Burma. (2002). Report Card: New Page, Old Story. Bangkok: White Lotus Press.
Aung Moe San. (2006, 25 March). Myanmar Tatmadaw with Fine Traditions. The New Light of Myanmar, 7.
Aung Saw. (2003, 5 December). A Tale of Two Ladies. The Irrawaddy. Retrieved January 21, 2020, from https://www2.irrawaddy.com/article.php? art_id=54&page=2
Aung Saw. (2008, 15 December). Sandar Win Released from House Arrest. The Irrawaddy. Retrieved January 21, 2020, from https://www2.irrawaddy.com/ opinion_story.php?art _id=14799
Banerji, S. C. (1963). The Autonomous IDC. Far Eastern Economic Review, 39(4), 145-147.
Badgley, J. H. (1969). Two Styles of Military Rule: Thailand and Burma. Government and Opposition, 4(1), 100-117.
Boucaud, A., & Boucaud, L. (1992). Burma’s Golden Triangle: On the Trail of the Opium Warlords. Bangkok: Asia Books.
Buchanan, J. (2016). Militias in Myanmar. Yangon: The Asia Foundation.
Cady, J. F. (1953). The Situation in Burma. Far Eastern Survey, 22(5), 49-54.
Chang, Wen-Chin. (2014a). Beyond Borders: Stories of Yunnanese Chinese Migrants of Burma. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Chang, Wen-Chin. (2014b). By Sea and by Land: Stories of Two Chinese Traders. In Wen-Chin Chang and Eric Tagliacozzo (Eds.). Burmese Lives: Ordinary Life Stories under the Burmese Regime. 174-202. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Directorate of Information, Government of the Union of Burma. (1967). A Handbook of Burma. Rangoon: Sarpay Beikman Press.
Egreteau, R. (2017). Parliamentary Development in Myanmar: An Overview of the Union Parliament, 2011-2016. Yangon: The Asia Foundation.
Egreteau, R., & Jagan, L. (2014). Soldiers and Diplomacy in Burma: Understanding the Foreign Relations of the Burmese Praetorian State. Singapore: NUS Press.
Fenichel, A., & Khan, A. (1981). The Burmese Way to 'Socialism’. World Development, 9(9-10), 813-824.
Fink, C. (2001). Living Silence: Burma under Military Rule. New York, NY: Zed Books.
Geddes, B. (2003). Paradigms and Sand Castles: Theory Building and Research Design in Comparative Politics. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
Holmes, R. A. (1987). Burmese Domestic Policy: The Politics of Burmanization. Asian Survey, 7(3), 188-197.
Investment Permits. (1963). Far Eastern Economic Review, 39(4), 147.
Janowitz, M. (1964). The Military in the Political Development of New Nations: An Essay in Comparative Analysis. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Kipgen, N. (2016). Myanmar: A Political History. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Kyaw Yin Hlaing. (2000). The Political Economy of Hmaung-kho in Socialist Myanmar. Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies, 15(1), 65-114.
Lissak, M. (1964). Social Change, Mobilization, and Exchange of Services between the Military Establishment and the Civil Society: The Burmese Case. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 13(1), 1-19.
Mya Maung. (1998). The Burma Road to Capitalism: Economic Growth Versus Democracy. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Mya Than. (1996). Myanmar’s External Trade: An Overview in the Southeast Asian Context. Singapore: ISEAS.
Nakanishi, Y. (2013). Strong Soldiers, Failed Revolution: The State and Military in Burma, 1968-1988. Singapore: NUS Press.
Olson, M. (2000). Power and Prosperity: Outgrowing Communist and Capitalist Dictatorship. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Pradiptyo, R. (2015). A Certain Uncertainty; Assessment of Court Decisions in Tackling Corruption in Indonesia. In R. N. Ghosh & M. A. B. Siddique (Eds.). Corruption, Good Governance and Economic Development: Contemporary Analysis and Case Studies. 167-216. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
Pye, L. W. (1959). Armies in the Process of Political Modernization. Cambridge, MA: Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Pye, L. W. (1962). The Army in Burmese Politics. In J. J. Johnson (Ed.). The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries. 231-251. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Seekins, D. M. (2002). The Disorder in Order: The Army-State in Burma since 1962. Bangkok: White Lotus.
Selth, A. (2017). Burma’s Armed Forces: Power without Glory (2nd ed.). Manchester: Eastbridge Books.
Siddiqa, A. (2017). Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy (2nd ed.). Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Silverstein, J. (1967). Burma: Military Rule and Politics of Stagnation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Smith, D. E. (1965). Religion and Politics in Burma. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Smith, M. (1994). Ethnic Groups in Burma: Development, Democracy and Human Rights. London: Anti-Slavery International.
Steinberg, D. I. (1982). Burma: A Socialist Nation of Southeast Asia. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Steinberg, D. I. (2010). Burma/Myanmar: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Taylor, R. H. (2009). The State in Myanmar. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.
Thomson, J. S. (1957). Burmese Neutralism. Political Science Quarterly, 72(2), 261-283.
Trager, F. N. (1956). Burma’s Foreign Policy, 1948-56: Neutralism, Third Force, and Rice. The Journal of Asian Studies, 16(1), 89-102
Trumbull, R. (1962, 8 March). Burmese Official Says Crisis Forced Coup. The Dallas Morning News, 5.
Tucker, S. (2001). Burma: Curse of Independence. London: Pluto Press.
U Thaung. (1990). Army’s Accumulation of Economic Power in Burma, 1940-1990. The Burma Review, 20, 17-22.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). (1964). Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Vol. 5 – Trade Expansion and Regional Groupings Part 2. New York, NY: United Nations.
Win Min. (2004). Burmese Military Government: Crony Capitalism in Uniform. In D. A. Metraux and Khin Oo (Eds.). Burma’s Modern Tragedy. 45-67. Lexiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.