Democratic Transition in Myanmar and the 2010 Election
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Published:
Aug 21, 2017
Keywords:
Democratic Transition Myanmar Election
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Abstract
General elections that took place in Myanmar in 2010, although it is not free and fair election, lead to the new rule of the game that all parties have more bargaining power in political arena than before. Therefore, this election is said to be a major political transition, which could lead Myanmar to democracy in the future. This paper proposes that, factors that resulted in this election are public pressure from chronic economic depression, the need to leave country from economic sanctions measures to attract investments from abroad, the more unity of the country due to the weakening of ethnic groups and the ability to centralize political and economic power of the army to concentrate power in the process of transition.
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ตันตระกูลทรัพย์ ณ. (2017). Democratic Transition in Myanmar and the 2010 Election. Journal of Politics and Governance, 7(2), 48–70. Retrieved from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jopag/article/view/156614
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Research Articles
References
หนังสือและวารสารวิชาการ
เกียรติชัย พงษ์พาณิชย์. (2536). พม่าผ่าเมือง. กรุงเทพฯ: มติชน.
พรพิมล ตรีโชติ. (2551). การต่างประเทศพม่า: ปฏิสัมพันธ์กับเพื่อนบ้านและชนกลุ่มน้อย. กรุงเทพฯ: หน่วยปฏิบัติการแม่โขงศึกษา สถาบันเอเชียศึกษา จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.
พรพิมล ตรีโชติ. (2542). ชนกลุ่มน้อยกับรัฐบาลพม่า. กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักงานกองทุนสนับสนุนการวิจัย.
Acemoglu, A. and Robinson, J.A. (2006). Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy. USA: Cambridge University Press.
Beissinger, M. R. (2008). A new look at ethnicity and democratization. Journal of Democracy, 19(3), 85-97.
Callahan, M. (2012). The generals loosen their grip. Journal of Democracy, 23(4), 120-131.
Carothers, T. (2002). The end of the transition paradigm. Journal of democracy, 13(1), 5-21.
Diamond, L. (2012). The need for a political pact. Journal of Democracy, 23(4), 138-149.
Doorenspleet,R. and Kopecky,P. Against the odds: deviant cases of democratization. Democratization, Vol.15, No.4, August 2008, 697-713.
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). (2012). Myanmar 2011 (country report).
Fujita,K., Mieno,F. and Okamoto,I. ed. (2009). The economic transition in Myanmar after 1988. Singapore: NUS press.
Haggard,S. and Kaufman,R. (1995). The political economy of democratic transitions. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
Haynes,J. (2005). Comparative politics in a globalizing world. Cambridge: Polity.
Huntington, S. P. (1996). Democracy for the long haul. Journal of democracy, 7(2), 3-13.
Huntington,S.,P. (1991). The third wave: Democratization in the late twenties century. London: Oklahoma University Press.
Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2009). How development leads to democracy: What we know about modernization. Foreign Affairs, 33-48.
International crisis group. (2012). Myanmar: The politics of economic reform. Crisis group Asia report.
Jepsen,E,M. (2011). Processes of democratization. In 21st century political science: a reference handbook edited by John T. Ishiyama, Marijke Breuning, Thousand Oaks, Calif. SAGE Publications. pp.275-282
Khin Maung Kyi, (ed al.). (2000). Economic development of Burma: A vision and a strategy. Singapore: Singapore university press.
Merkel, W. (2004). Embedded and defective democracies. Democratization, 11(5), 33-58.
Maung Aung Myoe. (2009). Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar armed forces since 1948. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Zin, M., & Joseph, B. (2012). The Democrats' Opportunity. Journal of Democracy, 23(4), 104-119.
O’Donnell,G. and Schmitter,P.,C. (1986). Transitions from authoritarian rule: Tentative conclusions about uncertain democracies. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University press.
Przeworski, A., Michael, E.A., Cheibub, J.A., Limongi, F. (2000). Democracy and development. USA: Cambridge University Press.
Rueschemeyer, D. (2012). Democratization. In The Wiley-Blackwell companion to political sociology edited by Edwin Amenta, Kate Nash, and Alan Scott, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp.454-465
Schedler, A. (2010). Authoritarianism's last line of defense. Journal of Democracy, 21(1), 69-80. Silverstein, J. (1996). Burma's Uneven Struggle. Journal of Democracy, 7(4), 88-102.
Thomas, A. (2000). Meaning and Views of development. In Allen,T. and Thomas,A. Poverty and development into the 21st Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Toshihiro,K. (2009). Industrial policies and the development of Myanmar’s industrial sector in the transition to a market economy. In The economic transition in Myanmar after 1988 edited by Fujita,K., Mieno,F. and Okamoto,I. Singapore: NUS press. pp.66-102
สื่ออิเล็กทรอนิกส์ (ข่าว)
BBC News. The hardship that sparked Burma's unrest. [online]. 2007. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7023548.stm
Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB). Burma to privatize 90% of industry. [online]. 2011. Available from: http://www.dvb.no/news/burma-to-privatise-90-of-industry/13686
Elevenmyanmar. Japanese firm to invest in Myanmar agribusiness. [online]. 2013. Available from: http://www.elevenmyanmar.com/business/3211-japanese-firm-to-invest-in-myanmar-agribusiness
______. Kaytumadi Development Public Co to implement projects on 5,300-acre land. [online]. 2013. Available from: http://elevenmyanmar.com/business/3860-kaytumadi-development-public-co-to-implement-projects-on-5-300-acre-land
Irrawaddy. Burma Peace Process Could Create ‘Mini-Cronies,’ Media Coalition Warns. [online]. 2013. Available from: http://www.irrawaddy.org/media/burma-peace-process-create-mini-cronies-media-coalition-warns.html
______. Japan’s Mitsubishi to Invest in downtown Rangoon development. [online]. 2013. Available from: http://www.irrawaddy.org/business/japans-mitsubishi-invest-downtown-rangoon-development.html
Mmtimes. Asia Green to expand banking network. [online]. 2010. Available from: http://www.mmtimes.com/2010/business/537/biz002.html
______.GDP growth goals spark debate. [online]. 2013. Available from: http://www.mmtimes.com/2012/news/632/news63204.html
______. Protests held over proposed hotel at speech site. [online]. 2013. Available from: http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/8506-protests-held-over-proposed-hotel-at-aung-san-speech-site.html
Reuters. Clinton in Myanmar to urge reform. [online]. 2011. Available from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/30/us-myanmar-usa-idUSTRE7AT0B420111130
Swissinfo. Doubts cast on democracy of Myanmar vote. [online]. 2010. Available from: http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Doubts_cast_on_democracy_of_Myanmar_vote.html?cid=28721534
Yahoo News. How a Burma tycoon is profiting from change. [online]. 2013. Available from: http://news.yahoo.com/myanmar-tycoon-profiting-change-041812031.html
เกียรติชัย พงษ์พาณิชย์. (2536). พม่าผ่าเมือง. กรุงเทพฯ: มติชน.
พรพิมล ตรีโชติ. (2551). การต่างประเทศพม่า: ปฏิสัมพันธ์กับเพื่อนบ้านและชนกลุ่มน้อย. กรุงเทพฯ: หน่วยปฏิบัติการแม่โขงศึกษา สถาบันเอเชียศึกษา จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย.
พรพิมล ตรีโชติ. (2542). ชนกลุ่มน้อยกับรัฐบาลพม่า. กรุงเทพฯ: สำนักงานกองทุนสนับสนุนการวิจัย.
Acemoglu, A. and Robinson, J.A. (2006). Economic origins of dictatorship and democracy. USA: Cambridge University Press.
Beissinger, M. R. (2008). A new look at ethnicity and democratization. Journal of Democracy, 19(3), 85-97.
Callahan, M. (2012). The generals loosen their grip. Journal of Democracy, 23(4), 120-131.
Carothers, T. (2002). The end of the transition paradigm. Journal of democracy, 13(1), 5-21.
Diamond, L. (2012). The need for a political pact. Journal of Democracy, 23(4), 138-149.
Doorenspleet,R. and Kopecky,P. Against the odds: deviant cases of democratization. Democratization, Vol.15, No.4, August 2008, 697-713.
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU). (2012). Myanmar 2011 (country report).
Fujita,K., Mieno,F. and Okamoto,I. ed. (2009). The economic transition in Myanmar after 1988. Singapore: NUS press.
Haggard,S. and Kaufman,R. (1995). The political economy of democratic transitions. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
Haynes,J. (2005). Comparative politics in a globalizing world. Cambridge: Polity.
Huntington, S. P. (1996). Democracy for the long haul. Journal of democracy, 7(2), 3-13.
Huntington,S.,P. (1991). The third wave: Democratization in the late twenties century. London: Oklahoma University Press.
Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2009). How development leads to democracy: What we know about modernization. Foreign Affairs, 33-48.
International crisis group. (2012). Myanmar: The politics of economic reform. Crisis group Asia report.
Jepsen,E,M. (2011). Processes of democratization. In 21st century political science: a reference handbook edited by John T. Ishiyama, Marijke Breuning, Thousand Oaks, Calif. SAGE Publications. pp.275-282
Khin Maung Kyi, (ed al.). (2000). Economic development of Burma: A vision and a strategy. Singapore: Singapore university press.
Merkel, W. (2004). Embedded and defective democracies. Democratization, 11(5), 33-58.
Maung Aung Myoe. (2009). Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar armed forces since 1948. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Zin, M., & Joseph, B. (2012). The Democrats' Opportunity. Journal of Democracy, 23(4), 104-119.
O’Donnell,G. and Schmitter,P.,C. (1986). Transitions from authoritarian rule: Tentative conclusions about uncertain democracies. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University press.
Przeworski, A., Michael, E.A., Cheibub, J.A., Limongi, F. (2000). Democracy and development. USA: Cambridge University Press.
Rueschemeyer, D. (2012). Democratization. In The Wiley-Blackwell companion to political sociology edited by Edwin Amenta, Kate Nash, and Alan Scott, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. pp.454-465
Schedler, A. (2010). Authoritarianism's last line of defense. Journal of Democracy, 21(1), 69-80. Silverstein, J. (1996). Burma's Uneven Struggle. Journal of Democracy, 7(4), 88-102.
Thomas, A. (2000). Meaning and Views of development. In Allen,T. and Thomas,A. Poverty and development into the 21st Century, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Toshihiro,K. (2009). Industrial policies and the development of Myanmar’s industrial sector in the transition to a market economy. In The economic transition in Myanmar after 1988 edited by Fujita,K., Mieno,F. and Okamoto,I. Singapore: NUS press. pp.66-102
สื่ออิเล็กทรอนิกส์ (ข่าว)
BBC News. The hardship that sparked Burma's unrest. [online]. 2007. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7023548.stm
Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB). Burma to privatize 90% of industry. [online]. 2011. Available from: http://www.dvb.no/news/burma-to-privatise-90-of-industry/13686
Elevenmyanmar. Japanese firm to invest in Myanmar agribusiness. [online]. 2013. Available from: http://www.elevenmyanmar.com/business/3211-japanese-firm-to-invest-in-myanmar-agribusiness
______. Kaytumadi Development Public Co to implement projects on 5,300-acre land. [online]. 2013. Available from: http://elevenmyanmar.com/business/3860-kaytumadi-development-public-co-to-implement-projects-on-5-300-acre-land
Irrawaddy. Burma Peace Process Could Create ‘Mini-Cronies,’ Media Coalition Warns. [online]. 2013. Available from: http://www.irrawaddy.org/media/burma-peace-process-create-mini-cronies-media-coalition-warns.html
______. Japan’s Mitsubishi to Invest in downtown Rangoon development. [online]. 2013. Available from: http://www.irrawaddy.org/business/japans-mitsubishi-invest-downtown-rangoon-development.html
Mmtimes. Asia Green to expand banking network. [online]. 2010. Available from: http://www.mmtimes.com/2010/business/537/biz002.html
______.GDP growth goals spark debate. [online]. 2013. Available from: http://www.mmtimes.com/2012/news/632/news63204.html
______. Protests held over proposed hotel at speech site. [online]. 2013. Available from: http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/8506-protests-held-over-proposed-hotel-at-aung-san-speech-site.html
Reuters. Clinton in Myanmar to urge reform. [online]. 2011. Available from: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/30/us-myanmar-usa-idUSTRE7AT0B420111130
Swissinfo. Doubts cast on democracy of Myanmar vote. [online]. 2010. Available from: http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/foreign_affairs/Doubts_cast_on_democracy_of_Myanmar_vote.html?cid=28721534
Yahoo News. How a Burma tycoon is profiting from change. [online]. 2013. Available from: http://news.yahoo.com/myanmar-tycoon-profiting-change-041812031.html