The Causal Relationship and Effect of Elderly Workers Management Capability : An Empirical Evidence of Hotels Business in Thailand
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Published:
May 28, 2019
Keywords:
Elderly Workers Management Capability Knowledge Sharing Organizational Service Quality Organizational Performance
Main Article Content
Abstract
The research aimed to 1) Investigate the effect of elderly workers management capability on knowledge sharing organization and service quality, 2) Investigate the effect of knowledge sharing organization and service quality on organizational performance, and 3) Investigate the effects of antecedent factors which are transformational leadership and diversity management on elderly workers management capability. The sample include 293 hotel managers in 4 and 5 star rated hotels in Thailand. The questionnaire which was used as the tools for data collection. Data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).
The results of research aimed that 1) Elderly workers management capability has a direct effect on knowledge sharing organization and service quality. 2) Knowledge sharing organization and service quality have a direct effect on organizational performance and 3) Transformational leadership and diversity management have a direct effect on elderly workers management capability. The results of this research will be useful as a guide for policy making and applying in the field of strategic elderly workers management in organization for competitive advantage, achievement and sustainable performance.
Article Details
How to Cite
คำมาดี ป., & เจษฎาลักษณ์ ผ. ด. (2019). The Causal Relationship and Effect of Elderly Workers Management Capability : An Empirical Evidence of Hotels Business in Thailand. Journal of HR Intelligence, 14(1), 6–27. Retrieved from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/hri/article/view/191204
Section
Research Articles
ขอมอบลิขสิทธิ์บทความที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์ให้แก่สถาบันเสริมศึกษาและทรัพยากรมนุษย์ กรณีมีการฟ้องร้องเรื่องการละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์เกี่ยวกับภาพ กราฟ ข้อความส่วนใดส่วนหนึ่ง และ/หรือข้อคิดเห็นที่ปรากฎในบทความ ให้เป็นความรับผิดชอบของข้าพเจ้าและผู้เขียนร่วมแต่เพียงผู้เดียว
References
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Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management,17(1), 99-120.
Bartlett, C. A. & S. Ghoshal. (2002). Building competitive advantage through people. MIT Sloan Management Review, 43(2), 34-41.
Bass, B. M. & B. J. Avolio. (1994). Improving organization effectiveness through transformational leadership. London, SAGE publication, Inc.
Berson, Y. & B. J. Avolio (2004). Transformational leadership and the dissemination of organizational goals : A case study of a telecommunication firm. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(5), 625-646.
Biga, A. (2007). Measuring Diversity Management Skill: Development and Validation of a Situational Judgment Test. Ph.D. Thesis, University of South Florida, USA.
Birasnav, M., et al. (2010). Transformational leadership, interim leadership, and employee human capital benefits: an empirical study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1037-1042.
Birasnav, M., Rangnekar, S., & Dalpati, A. (2014). Knowledge Management and Organizational Performance in the Service Industry: The Role of Transformational Leadership Beyond the Effects of Transactional Leadership. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, (1037-1042).
Booking.com B.V. (2560). Information hotel in Thailand. Retrieved January 1, 2017, from https://www.booking.com
Butcher, D. (2001). The Business case for Workplace Diversity. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from https://news.thomasnet.com/imt/2011/07/19/the-business-case-for-workplace-diversity
Buyens, D., Van Dijk, H., Dewilde, T., & De Vos, A. (2009). The aging workforce : perceptions of career ending. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(2), 102-117.
Case, K., Hussain, A., Marshall, R., Summerskill, S., & Gyi, D. E. (2015). Digital human modeling and the ageing workforce. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 3694-3701.
Certo, S. C. (2000). Modern Management. New Jersey, Pretice-Hall Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Chen, W.-J., & Cheng, H.-Y. (2012). Factors affecting the knowledge sharing attitude of hotel service personnel. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 468-476
Chen, W. J. (2013). Factors influencing internal service quality at international tourist hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, 152-160.
Cruz-Ros, S. & T. F. Gonzalez-Cruz (2015). Service firm capabilities and performance: Contingent analysis of customer contact. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1612-1621.
Ciutiene, R. & R. Railaite (2014). Challenges of managing an ageing workforce. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156, 69-73.
Čižiūnienė, K., Vaičiūtė, K., & Batarlienė, N. (2016). Research on Competencies of Human Resources in Transport Sector: Lithuanian Case Study. Procedia Engineering, 134, 336-343.
Cox, T. (1991). The Multicultural Organization. Academy of Management Executive, 5(2), 34-47.
Cox, T. (1994). Cultural diversity in organizations: Theory, research and practice, Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
De Clercq, D., Dimov, D., & Thongpapanl, N. T. (2010). The moderating impact of internal social exchange processes on the entrepreneurial orientation–performance relationship. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(1), 87-103.
Dedeoglu, B. B. & H. Demirer (2015). Differences in service quality perceptions of stakeholders in the hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(1), 130-146.
Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2013). Introducing LISREL: A guide for the uninitiated, Sage.
Ding, X., Li, Q., Zhang, H., Sheng, Z., & Wang, Z. (2017). Linking transformational leadership and work outcomes in temporary organizations: A social identity approach. International Journal of Project Management, 35(4), 543-556.
Donalson, L. (2001). The Contingency of the organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
Foss, N. J., Husted, K., & Michailova, S. (2010). Governing knowledge sharing in organizations: Levels of analysis, governance mechanisms, and research directions. Journal of Management studies, 47(3), 455-482.
Garavan, T. N., Carbery, R., & Rock, A. (2012). Mapping talent development: definition, scope and architecture. European Journal of Training and Development, 36(1), 5-24.
Glastra F.J. & Meerman M. (2012). Developing ethnic talent in the Dutch national tax administration: a case Study. European Journal of Training and Development, 36(1), 105-124.
Gunaratne, K. A. & A. J. Du Plessis (2007). Performance management system : a powerful tool to achieve organizational goals. Journal of Global Business and Technology, 3(1), 17-28.
Heng, P. (2018). Employment, retirement age. Retrieved December 28, 2018, from https://www.posttoday.com/social/general/565916
Jackson, D. L. (2001). Sample size and number of parameter estimates in maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis: A Monte Carlo investigation. Structural Equation Modeling, 8(2), 205-223.
Karpinska, K., Henkens, K., Schippers, J., & Wang, M. (2015). Training opportunities for older workers in the Natherlands: A Vignette Study. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 41, 103-112.
Khammadee, P., Jadesadalug., V & Kongklay, J. (2017). Elderly workers management in Thailand: Cause and Effect. VRU Research and Development Journal Humanities and Social Science, 12(2), 23-34.
Knauth, P., Karl, D., & Braedel–Kühner, C. (2005). How to improve the work ability of elderly workers The European research project RESPECT. International Congress Series, 1280, 11-16.
Koall, l. (2011). Managing complexity: using ambivalence and contingency to support diversity in Organizations. Equality Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 30(7), 572-588.
Kor, Y. Y., Mahoney, J. T., & Michael, S. C. (2007). Resources, Capabilities and Entrepreneurial Perceptions. Journal of Management Studies, 44(7), 1187-1212.
Lai, K. H. (2004). Service capability and performance of logistics service providers. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 40(5), 385-399.
Lancaster, M. (2005). Hotel marketing. Bangkok: Dhurakij Pundit University.
Lazazzara, A. & M. C. Bombelli (2011). HRM practices for an ageing Italian workforce: the role of training. Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(8), 808-825.
Lebas, M. & K. Euske (2002). A conceptual and operational delineation of performance. Business performance measurement: Theory and practice, 65-79.
Lu, C. M., Chen, S. J., Huang, P. C., & Chien, J. C. (2015). Effect of diversity on human resource management and organizational performance. Journal of Business Research, 68(4), 857-861.
Lunenburg, F. C. (2011). Goal-setting theory of motivation. International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, 15(1), 1-6.
Maharatsakul, P and Limlawan, K. (2011). Human resource management in the era of globalization. Executive Journal. 31(41), 168-173.
Miller, F. A. (1998). Strategic Culture Change: The Door to Achieving High Performance and Inclusion. Public Personnel Management, 27(2), 151-160.
Millet, J. D. (1954). Management in the public service: The quest for effective performance, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Minbaeva, D. B. (2013). Strategic HRM in building micro-foundations of organizational knowledge-based performance. Human Resource Management Review, 23(4), 378-390.
Ministry of Tourism & Sports. (2015). Strategic Tourism 2016-2018. Bangkok: Ministry of Tourism & Sports.
Nath, P., Nachiappan, S., & Ramanathan, R. (2010). The impact of marketing capability, operations capability and diversification strategy on performance: a resource-based view. Industrial Marketing Management, 39(2), 317-329.
O’Dell, C. & Grayson, C. J. (1998). If only we knew what we know: the transfer of internal knowledge and best practice. New York: Free.
Office of National Economic and Social Development Board. (2017). National Strategy 20 Year (2017-2036). Bangkok: Office of National Economic and Social Development Board.
Office of National Economic and Social Development Board. (2016). The Twelfth National Economic and Social Development Plan (2017-2021). Bangkok: Office of National Economic and Social Development Board.
Oyemomi, O., Liu, S., Neaga, I., & Alkhuraiji, A. (2016). How knowledge sharing and business process contribute to organizational performance: Using the fsQCA approach. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 5222-5227.
Phochan, S. (2015). Manage the diversity of labor, the challenge of increasing productivity. Retrieved January 31, 2017, from www.ftpi.or.th/2015/2829
Pick, S. & N. Uhles. (2012). Use a competency library to build a talent management system. The Public Manager, 41(3), 29-34.
Pinto, S. R., & Nunes, S. M. M. D. (2014). Managing an aging workforce: What is the value of human resource management practices for different age groups of worker?. Review of Applied Management Studies, 12, 58-66.
Prachachatonline. (2017). Business services stumble. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from https://www.prachachat.net/news_detail.php?newsid=1490257620
Sadangharn, P. (2015). Elderly Employment in Thailand. Journal of HRintelligence, 10(2), 94-104.
Sasanapitak, A. (2018). Extending the age for retirement in aging society. Journal of Thonburi University, 11(24), 90-96.
Sezerel, H. & H. Z. Tonus (2014). The Soft Element of Strategic Human Resource Management: The Employee's Perception of Diversity Climate. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,150, 354-359.
Schein, Edgar H. (2010). Organizational Culture and Leadership. 4th edition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Sengupta, A., Venkatesh, D. N., & K. Sinha, A. (2013). Developing performance-linked competency model: a tool for competitive advantage. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 21(4),504-527.
Sousa, R. & C. A. Voss (2008). Contingency research in operations management practices. Journal of Operations Management, 26(6), 697-713.
Streb, C. K. & S. C. L. Voelpel, Marius (2008). Managing the aging Workforce : Status quo and implications for the advancement of theory and practice. European management journal, 26(1), 1-10.
Sukpaiboonwat, S. (2017). The role of population aging on economic growth in Thailand. Srinakharinwirot Research and Development (Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences), 9(17), 176-191.
Takeeuchi, H. & I. Nonaka (2004). Hitotsubashi on knowledge management. London, John Wiley & Son.
Tsaur, S.-H. & Y.-C. Lin (2004). Promoting service quality in tourist hotels: the role of HRM practices and service behavior. Tourism management, 25(4), 471-481.
Voelpel, S. C. & C. K. Streb (2010). A Balanced Scorecard for Managing the Aging Workforce. Organizational Dynamics, 39(1), 84-90.
Wadeecharoen, W., Karnjanavanitkul, A., & Teekasap, S. (2013). Human Resource Management from Concept, Theory to Practice. Bangkok: Se-Ed Ucation.
Wang, Z., Wang, N., & Liang, H. (2014). Knowledge sharing, intellectual capital and firm performance. Management Decision, 52(2), 230-258.
Wang, Z. & N. Wang (2012). Knowledge sharing, innovation and firm performance. Expert systems with Applications, 39(10), 8899-8908.
Mondy, R. W., & Martocchio, J.J. (2016). Human Resource Management. The United States Pearson, Education, Inc.
Witudom, W. (2015). Modern Management. Bangkok: Thanatat Printing.
Yee, R. W. Y., Yeung, A. C. L., & Edwin Cheng, T. C. (2010). An empirical study of employee loyalty, service quality and firm performance in the service industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 124(1), 109-120.
Young, K. (2013). It’s time to rise to the challenge of an aging workforce. Human Resource Management International Digest, 21(7), 27-29.
Abdul-Jalal, H., et al. (2013). Knowledge sharing success for sustaining organizational competitive advantage. Procedia Economics and Finance, 7, 150-157.
Bank of Thailand. (2018). Business trends report in the fourth quarter 2018. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from https://www.bot.or.th/Thai/MonetaryPolicy/EconomicConditions/BLP/BLP_TH_Q4_2017_sfnmz2n5.pdf
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of management,17(1), 99-120.
Bartlett, C. A. & S. Ghoshal. (2002). Building competitive advantage through people. MIT Sloan Management Review, 43(2), 34-41.
Bass, B. M. & B. J. Avolio. (1994). Improving organization effectiveness through transformational leadership. London, SAGE publication, Inc.
Berson, Y. & B. J. Avolio (2004). Transformational leadership and the dissemination of organizational goals : A case study of a telecommunication firm. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(5), 625-646.
Biga, A. (2007). Measuring Diversity Management Skill: Development and Validation of a Situational Judgment Test. Ph.D. Thesis, University of South Florida, USA.
Birasnav, M., et al. (2010). Transformational leadership, interim leadership, and employee human capital benefits: an empirical study. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 1037-1042.
Birasnav, M., Rangnekar, S., & Dalpati, A. (2014). Knowledge Management and Organizational Performance in the Service Industry: The Role of Transformational Leadership Beyond the Effects of Transactional Leadership. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, (1037-1042).
Booking.com B.V. (2560). Information hotel in Thailand. Retrieved January 1, 2017, from https://www.booking.com
Butcher, D. (2001). The Business case for Workplace Diversity. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from https://news.thomasnet.com/imt/2011/07/19/the-business-case-for-workplace-diversity
Buyens, D., Van Dijk, H., Dewilde, T., & De Vos, A. (2009). The aging workforce : perceptions of career ending. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(2), 102-117.
Case, K., Hussain, A., Marshall, R., Summerskill, S., & Gyi, D. E. (2015). Digital human modeling and the ageing workforce. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 3694-3701.
Certo, S. C. (2000). Modern Management. New Jersey, Pretice-Hall Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Chen, W.-J., & Cheng, H.-Y. (2012). Factors affecting the knowledge sharing attitude of hotel service personnel. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(2), 468-476
Chen, W. J. (2013). Factors influencing internal service quality at international tourist hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, 152-160.
Cruz-Ros, S. & T. F. Gonzalez-Cruz (2015). Service firm capabilities and performance: Contingent analysis of customer contact. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1612-1621.
Ciutiene, R. & R. Railaite (2014). Challenges of managing an ageing workforce. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 156, 69-73.
Čižiūnienė, K., Vaičiūtė, K., & Batarlienė, N. (2016). Research on Competencies of Human Resources in Transport Sector: Lithuanian Case Study. Procedia Engineering, 134, 336-343.
Cox, T. (1991). The Multicultural Organization. Academy of Management Executive, 5(2), 34-47.
Cox, T. (1994). Cultural diversity in organizations: Theory, research and practice, Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
De Clercq, D., Dimov, D., & Thongpapanl, N. T. (2010). The moderating impact of internal social exchange processes on the entrepreneurial orientation–performance relationship. Journal of Business Venturing, 25(1), 87-103.
Dedeoglu, B. B. & H. Demirer (2015). Differences in service quality perceptions of stakeholders in the hotel industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(1), 130-146.
Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2013). Introducing LISREL: A guide for the uninitiated, Sage.
Ding, X., Li, Q., Zhang, H., Sheng, Z., & Wang, Z. (2017). Linking transformational leadership and work outcomes in temporary organizations: A social identity approach. International Journal of Project Management, 35(4), 543-556.
Donalson, L. (2001). The Contingency of the organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
Foss, N. J., Husted, K., & Michailova, S. (2010). Governing knowledge sharing in organizations: Levels of analysis, governance mechanisms, and research directions. Journal of Management studies, 47(3), 455-482.
Garavan, T. N., Carbery, R., & Rock, A. (2012). Mapping talent development: definition, scope and architecture. European Journal of Training and Development, 36(1), 5-24.
Glastra F.J. & Meerman M. (2012). Developing ethnic talent in the Dutch national tax administration: a case Study. European Journal of Training and Development, 36(1), 105-124.
Gunaratne, K. A. & A. J. Du Plessis (2007). Performance management system : a powerful tool to achieve organizational goals. Journal of Global Business and Technology, 3(1), 17-28.
Heng, P. (2018). Employment, retirement age. Retrieved December 28, 2018, from https://www.posttoday.com/social/general/565916
Jackson, D. L. (2001). Sample size and number of parameter estimates in maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis: A Monte Carlo investigation. Structural Equation Modeling, 8(2), 205-223.
Karpinska, K., Henkens, K., Schippers, J., & Wang, M. (2015). Training opportunities for older workers in the Natherlands: A Vignette Study. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 41, 103-112.
Khammadee, P., Jadesadalug., V & Kongklay, J. (2017). Elderly workers management in Thailand: Cause and Effect. VRU Research and Development Journal Humanities and Social Science, 12(2), 23-34.
Knauth, P., Karl, D., & Braedel–Kühner, C. (2005). How to improve the work ability of elderly workers The European research project RESPECT. International Congress Series, 1280, 11-16.
Koall, l. (2011). Managing complexity: using ambivalence and contingency to support diversity in Organizations. Equality Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 30(7), 572-588.
Kor, Y. Y., Mahoney, J. T., & Michael, S. C. (2007). Resources, Capabilities and Entrepreneurial Perceptions. Journal of Management Studies, 44(7), 1187-1212.
Lai, K. H. (2004). Service capability and performance of logistics service providers. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 40(5), 385-399.
Lancaster, M. (2005). Hotel marketing. Bangkok: Dhurakij Pundit University.
Lazazzara, A. & M. C. Bombelli (2011). HRM practices for an ageing Italian workforce: the role of training. Journal of European Industrial Training, 33(8), 808-825.
Lebas, M. & K. Euske (2002). A conceptual and operational delineation of performance. Business performance measurement: Theory and practice, 65-79.
Lu, C. M., Chen, S. J., Huang, P. C., & Chien, J. C. (2015). Effect of diversity on human resource management and organizational performance. Journal of Business Research, 68(4), 857-861.
Lunenburg, F. C. (2011). Goal-setting theory of motivation. International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, 15(1), 1-6.
Maharatsakul, P and Limlawan, K. (2011). Human resource management in the era of globalization. Executive Journal. 31(41), 168-173.
Miller, F. A. (1998). Strategic Culture Change: The Door to Achieving High Performance and Inclusion. Public Personnel Management, 27(2), 151-160.
Millet, J. D. (1954). Management in the public service: The quest for effective performance, McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Minbaeva, D. B. (2013). Strategic HRM in building micro-foundations of organizational knowledge-based performance. Human Resource Management Review, 23(4), 378-390.
Ministry of Tourism & Sports. (2015). Strategic Tourism 2016-2018. Bangkok: Ministry of Tourism & Sports.
Nath, P., Nachiappan, S., & Ramanathan, R. (2010). The impact of marketing capability, operations capability and diversification strategy on performance: a resource-based view. Industrial Marketing Management, 39(2), 317-329.
O’Dell, C. & Grayson, C. J. (1998). If only we knew what we know: the transfer of internal knowledge and best practice. New York: Free.
Office of National Economic and Social Development Board. (2017). National Strategy 20 Year (2017-2036). Bangkok: Office of National Economic and Social Development Board.
Office of National Economic and Social Development Board. (2016). The Twelfth National Economic and Social Development Plan (2017-2021). Bangkok: Office of National Economic and Social Development Board.
Oyemomi, O., Liu, S., Neaga, I., & Alkhuraiji, A. (2016). How knowledge sharing and business process contribute to organizational performance: Using the fsQCA approach. Journal of Business Research, 69(11), 5222-5227.
Phochan, S. (2015). Manage the diversity of labor, the challenge of increasing productivity. Retrieved January 31, 2017, from www.ftpi.or.th/2015/2829
Pick, S. & N. Uhles. (2012). Use a competency library to build a talent management system. The Public Manager, 41(3), 29-34.
Pinto, S. R., & Nunes, S. M. M. D. (2014). Managing an aging workforce: What is the value of human resource management practices for different age groups of worker?. Review of Applied Management Studies, 12, 58-66.
Prachachatonline. (2017). Business services stumble. Retrieved March 18, 2018, from https://www.prachachat.net/news_detail.php?newsid=1490257620
Sadangharn, P. (2015). Elderly Employment in Thailand. Journal of HRintelligence, 10(2), 94-104.
Sasanapitak, A. (2018). Extending the age for retirement in aging society. Journal of Thonburi University, 11(24), 90-96.
Sezerel, H. & H. Z. Tonus (2014). The Soft Element of Strategic Human Resource Management: The Employee's Perception of Diversity Climate. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,150, 354-359.
Schein, Edgar H. (2010). Organizational Culture and Leadership. 4th edition. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Sengupta, A., Venkatesh, D. N., & K. Sinha, A. (2013). Developing performance-linked competency model: a tool for competitive advantage. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 21(4),504-527.
Sousa, R. & C. A. Voss (2008). Contingency research in operations management practices. Journal of Operations Management, 26(6), 697-713.
Streb, C. K. & S. C. L. Voelpel, Marius (2008). Managing the aging Workforce : Status quo and implications for the advancement of theory and practice. European management journal, 26(1), 1-10.
Sukpaiboonwat, S. (2017). The role of population aging on economic growth in Thailand. Srinakharinwirot Research and Development (Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences), 9(17), 176-191.
Takeeuchi, H. & I. Nonaka (2004). Hitotsubashi on knowledge management. London, John Wiley & Son.
Tsaur, S.-H. & Y.-C. Lin (2004). Promoting service quality in tourist hotels: the role of HRM practices and service behavior. Tourism management, 25(4), 471-481.
Voelpel, S. C. & C. K. Streb (2010). A Balanced Scorecard for Managing the Aging Workforce. Organizational Dynamics, 39(1), 84-90.
Wadeecharoen, W., Karnjanavanitkul, A., & Teekasap, S. (2013). Human Resource Management from Concept, Theory to Practice. Bangkok: Se-Ed Ucation.
Wang, Z., Wang, N., & Liang, H. (2014). Knowledge sharing, intellectual capital and firm performance. Management Decision, 52(2), 230-258.
Wang, Z. & N. Wang (2012). Knowledge sharing, innovation and firm performance. Expert systems with Applications, 39(10), 8899-8908.
Mondy, R. W., & Martocchio, J.J. (2016). Human Resource Management. The United States Pearson, Education, Inc.
Witudom, W. (2015). Modern Management. Bangkok: Thanatat Printing.
Yee, R. W. Y., Yeung, A. C. L., & Edwin Cheng, T. C. (2010). An empirical study of employee loyalty, service quality and firm performance in the service industry. International Journal of Production Economics, 124(1), 109-120.
Young, K. (2013). It’s time to rise to the challenge of an aging workforce. Human Resource Management International Digest, 21(7), 27-29.