Structural-Systemic-Cultural Violence against LGBTQs in the Philippines
Article Sidebar
Published:
Jun 29, 2016
Keywords:
LGBTQS structural violence discrimination
Main Article Content
Abstract
Abstract
Article Details
How to Cite
Amoroto, B. (2016). Structural-Systemic-Cultural Violence against LGBTQs in the Philippines. Journal of Human Rights and Peace Studies, 2(1), 67–102. Retrieved from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/HRPS/article/view/163851
Section
Academic Articles
The views, opinions, and pictures expressed in this journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and viewpoints of the editor and the editorial board. All rights are reserved by the authors and the Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies of Mahidol University. No part of this journal may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from the journal’s editor, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Non-commercial use of information in this journal must be properly referenced.
References
Abad Santos, C.O., Edillon, R.G. and Piza, S.F., (2010). Causes of
Hunger: AProfile of Hunger and Analysis of its Causes. In:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Right to Food
Assessment: Philippines.
Bauerlein, M. (2014). The Power of Heteronormativity, First Things,
[Online] Available at: http://www.firstthings.com/web-exclu-
sives/2014/12/the-power-of-heteronormativity [Accessed 17
October 2015]
Bernal, B. (2015). LGBTs push for end to hate crimes. Rappler.com,
[Online] (Last updated 6:46 PM on 4th June 2015) Available
at: http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/5549-remembering-the-
departed-lgbts-in-idaho [Accessed on 10 August 2016]
Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP). (2015).
A Pastoral Response to the Acceptance of Homosexu-
al Lifestyle and the Legalization of Homosexual Unions
August 28, 2015. Available at: http://www.cbcpnews.com/
cbcpnews/?p=62674 [Accessed on 17 October 2015]
Cayabyab, M.J. (2014). LGBT group decries _hate posts’ vs Jennifer
Laude. Inquirer.net, [Online] (Last updated 12:55 PM on
17th October 2014) Available at: http://lifestyle.inquirer.
net/174718/lgbt-group-decries-hate-posts-vs-jennifer-laude
[Accessed on 17 October 2015]
Cepeda, M. (2016). Emotional Roman urges Congress to pass anti-
Discrimination bill. Rappler.com, [Online] (Last updated 6:23
PM on 19th September 2016) Available at: http://www.rappler.
com/nation/146686-emotional-roman-urges-congress-passanti-
discrimination-bill [Accessed on 25 September 2016]
Commission on Elections (COMELEC). (2009). SPP No. 09-228
In the matter of the petition for registration of Ang Ladlad
LGBT Party for the Party-list System of Representation in the
House of Representatives, 11 November 2009. http://www.
comelec.gov.ph/?r=Archives/RegularElections/2010NLE/
Resolutions/spp 09228
Cupin, B. (2011). Tuli a rite of passage for Filipino boys, GMA News
Online, [Online] (Last updated 12:50 AM on 6th May 2011)
Available at: www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/219779/
News/nation/tuli-a-rite-of-passage-for-filipino-boys [Ac-
cessed on 17 October 2015]
Del Mundo, A. (2015). New foreign film spotlights on Philippine
traditional circumcision rites, DList.ph, [Online] Available
at: http://www.dlist.ph/2015/05/short-film-about-philippine-
traditional.html [Accessed on 21 September 2016]
Dreyer, Y. (2007). Hegemony and the internalisation of homophobia
caused by heteronormativity. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theo-
logical Studies, 63(1), pp.1-18.
EnGendeRights, Inc. and OutRight Action International. (2016).
Philippine LBT Coalition Report for 64th Session of CE-
DAW, Available at: http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CE-
DAW/Shared%20Documents/PHL/INT_CEDA W_NGO_
PHL_24215_E.pdf [Accessed on 20 September 2016]
Enriquez, J. (2006). Globalization, Militarism and Sex Trafficking,
November 18, 2006. Available at: https://catwap.wordpress.
com/resources/speeches-papers/globalization-militarism-and-
sex-trafficking/ [Accessed on 17 October 2015]
Esmaquel II, P. (2015). CBCP on gay marriage ruling: Church cares
for all. Rappler.com, [Online] (Last updated 12:37 AM
on 28th June 2015) Available at: http://www.rappler.com/
nation/97675-cbcp-statement-us-gay-marriage-ruling [Ac-
cessed on 17 October 2015]
Eviota, E.U. 1992. The Political Economy of Gender: Women and
the Sexual Division of Labour in the Philippines, London &
New Jersey: Zed Books.
Executive Order No. 29 The Family Code of the Philippines. Avail-
able at: http://www.gov.ph/downloads/1987/07jul/19870706-
EO-0209-CCA.pdf
Garcia, N. (2009). Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis
to MSM. Hong Kong University Press.
Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural Violence. Journal of Peace Research,
27, 291-305.
Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of
Peace Research, 6, 167-191.
Ho, K. (2007). Structural Violence as a Human Rights Violation.
Essex Human Rights Review, 4, 1-17.
International Gay & Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC).
(2012). Human Rights Violations on the Basis of Sexual
Orientation, Gender Identity and Homosexuality in the
Philippines, submission to the 106th Session of the Human
Rights Committee for the Fourth Periodic Review of the
Philippines, Available at: https://www.outrightinternational.
Org/sites/default/files/philippines_report.pdf [Accessed on 19
September 2016]
International Gay & Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC).
(2010). Violence On The Basis of SOGI Against Non
Heteronormative Women in Asia (Summary Report), Febru-
ary 2010, Available at: http://www.iglhrc.org/sites/default/
files/386-1_0.pdf
International Gay & Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC).
(2012). Submission of the Civil Society Organizations (CSOs)
Coalition Report on the situations of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual
and Transgender (LGBT) persons in the Philippines for the
13th Session of the UN Universal Periodic Review. Available
at: http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session13/
PH/JS13_UPR_PHL_S13_ 2012_JointSubmission13_E.pdf
[Accessed on 17 October 2015]
James Madison University (JMU). (undated). Fact and Information
Sheet About: Heterosexism. Available at: https://www.jmu.
edu/safezone/wm_library/Heterosexism%20Fact%20Sheet.
pdf [Accessed on 17 October 2015]
Kemitraan Indonesia / Partnership for Governance Reform. (2014).
Patriarchal Barriers to Women’s Political Participation in
South-East Asia: Lessons from the Philippines, Cambodia,
Malaysia, Indonesia, and Timor-Leste on Patriarchy and the
Rise of Women’s Participation in State Politics. Available at:
http://iknowpolitics.org/sites/default/files/ikat_us_research-
cultural_en_-_final.pdf [Accessed on 17 October 2015]
Kohut, A., Wike, R., Bell, J., Horowitz, J.M., Simmons, K., Stokes,
B., Poushter, J., Ponce, A., Gross, E.M., Barker, C. and
Devlin, K. (2013). The Global Divide on Homosexuality:
Greater Acceptance in More Secular and Affluent Countries.
Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center. Available at:
http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-
Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf
[Accessed on 20 September 2016]
Lim, A.M., Jordan, C.M. and Tangente, M.G.C. (2013). Policy
Audit: Social Protection Policies and Urban Poor LBTs in
the Philippines (Evidence Report No. 21: Sexuality, Poverty
and Law). Institute of Development Studies (IDS).
Macatuno, A. (2015). Pemberton admits he choked Laude. Inquirer.
net, [Online] (Last updated 04:07 AM on 25th August 2015)
Available at: http://globalnation.inquirer.net/127650/pember-
ton-admits-he-choked-laude [Accessed on 17 October 2015]
Mananzan Sr., M.J. 1987. The Filipino Woman: Before and After
the Spanish Conquest of the Philippines. Manila: Institu of
Women’s Studies.
Mendoza, J.R. (2013). Dangerous lives: Being LGBT in Muslim
Mindanao, Outrage Magazine, [Online] (Last updated 10th
December 2013) Available at: http://www.outragemag.com/
dangerous-lives-lgbt-muslim-mindanao/ [Accessed on 17
October 2015]
Nelson, K. (2015). What Is Heteronormativity – And How Does It
Apply to Your Feminism? Here Are 4 Examples, July 24,
2015 Everyday Feminism, [Online] Available at: http://eve-
rydayfeminism.com/2015/07/what-is-heteronormativity/ [Ac-
cessed on 1November 2015]
Philippine LGBT Hate Crime Watch (PLHCW). (2012). Available at
https://thephilippinelgbthatecrimewatch.blogspot.nl/
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). (2016). Poverty incidence
among Filipinos registered at 26.3%, as of first semester of
2015—PSA, Press Release, Philippines Statistics Authority,
18 March 2016, Available at https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/
Files/Press%20Release%20final_0.pdf [Accessed on 20
September 2016].
Rodriguez, L.L. (1990). Patriarchy and Women’s Subordination in
the Philippines, Review of Women’s Studies, Vol. 1 No. 1,
University of the Philippines Center for Women’s Studies.
Santos, A.F. (1997). Patriarchy, Poverty, Prostitution and HIV/AIDS:
The Philippine Experience. CATW-Asia Pacific, October
1997. Available at: https://catwap.wordpress.com/resources/
speeches-papers/patriarchy-poverty-prostitution-and-hivaids-
the-philippine-experience/
The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, 1987, http://
www.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/
Toonen v. Australia. (1994). Communication No. 488/1992, U.N.
Doc CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992. UN Human Rights Commit-
Tee (UNHRC).
Torres, J. (2015). Philippines says inspite of US decision, no gay
marriage anytime soon. UCANews.com, (Last updated 29th
June 2015) Available at: http://www.ucanews.com/news/
philippines-says-in-spite-of-us-decision-no-gay-marriage-
anytime-soon/73851
Umbac, A.S. (2006). Putting You in Your Place: Culture and
the Filipino Lesbian, ISIS International. Available at:
http://www.isiswomen.org/index.php?option=com_
content&view=article&id=278 [Accessed on 20 September
2016]
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR).
(2009). General Comment No. 20: Non-discrimination in
economic, social and cultural rights (art. 2, para. 2, of the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights). E/C.12/GC/20. 2 July 2009.
UN General Assembly (UNGA). (1948). Universal declaration of
human rights. UN General Assembly.
UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). (1989). General Comment
No. 18: Non-discrimination. Thirty-seventh session. 10 Nov
1989.
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN
OHCHR). (Undated). Combatting discrimination based on
sexual orientation and gender identity. [Online] Available
at: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Discrimination/Pages/
LGBT.aspx [Accessed 17 October 2015]
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN
OHCHR). (Undated). Fact Sheet: International Human Rights
Law and Sexual Orientation & Gender Identity. Available
at: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Discrimination/
LGBT/FactSheets/unfe-11-UN_Fact_Sheets_GenderIdentity_
English.pdf [Accessed on 20 September 2016]
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN
OHCHR). (2008). Frequently Asked Questions on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, Fact Sheet No. 33. Available at:
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet33
en.pdf
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN
OHCHR). (2012a). Born Free and Equal: Sexual Orientation
and Gender Identity in International Human Rights
Law. New York & Geneva. Available at: http://www.ohchr.
org/Documents/Publications/BornFreeAndEqualLowRes.pdf
[Accessed on 20 September 2016]
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN
OHCHR). (2012b). Guiding Principles on Extreme Poverty
and Human Rights. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.
un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G12/154/60/PDF/G1215460.
pdf?OpenElement [Accessed on 20 September 2016]
UNDP and USAID. (2014). Being LGBT in Asia: The Philippines
Country Report. Bangkok. Available at: http://www.undp.
org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hiv-aids/being-lgbt-
in-asia--the-philippine-country-report.html [Accessed on 17
October 2015]
Walby, Sylvia (1990). Theorizing Patriarchy, Cambridge : Basil
Blackwell.
UNICEF. (2014). Eliminating Discrimination Against Children and
Parents Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity,
Current Issues No. 9, November 2014. Available at: http://
www.unicef.org/videoaudio/PDFs/Current_Issues_Paper-_
Sexual_Identification_Gender_Identity.pdf [Accessed on 17
October 2015]
Yep, G.A. (2002). From homophobia and heterosexism to heter-
onormativity: Toward the development of a model of queer
interventions in the university classroom. Journal of Lesbian
Studies, 6(3-4), pp.163-176.
Hunger: AProfile of Hunger and Analysis of its Causes. In:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Right to Food
Assessment: Philippines.
Bauerlein, M. (2014). The Power of Heteronormativity, First Things,
[Online] Available at: http://www.firstthings.com/web-exclu-
sives/2014/12/the-power-of-heteronormativity [Accessed 17
October 2015]
Bernal, B. (2015). LGBTs push for end to hate crimes. Rappler.com,
[Online] (Last updated 6:46 PM on 4th June 2015) Available
at: http://www.rappler.com/move-ph/5549-remembering-the-
departed-lgbts-in-idaho [Accessed on 10 August 2016]
Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP). (2015).
A Pastoral Response to the Acceptance of Homosexu-
al Lifestyle and the Legalization of Homosexual Unions
August 28, 2015. Available at: http://www.cbcpnews.com/
cbcpnews/?p=62674 [Accessed on 17 October 2015]
Cayabyab, M.J. (2014). LGBT group decries _hate posts’ vs Jennifer
Laude. Inquirer.net, [Online] (Last updated 12:55 PM on
17th October 2014) Available at: http://lifestyle.inquirer.
net/174718/lgbt-group-decries-hate-posts-vs-jennifer-laude
[Accessed on 17 October 2015]
Cepeda, M. (2016). Emotional Roman urges Congress to pass anti-
Discrimination bill. Rappler.com, [Online] (Last updated 6:23
PM on 19th September 2016) Available at: http://www.rappler.
com/nation/146686-emotional-roman-urges-congress-passanti-
discrimination-bill [Accessed on 25 September 2016]
Commission on Elections (COMELEC). (2009). SPP No. 09-228
In the matter of the petition for registration of Ang Ladlad
LGBT Party for the Party-list System of Representation in the
House of Representatives, 11 November 2009. http://www.
comelec.gov.ph/?r=Archives/RegularElections/2010NLE/
Resolutions/spp 09228
Cupin, B. (2011). Tuli a rite of passage for Filipino boys, GMA News
Online, [Online] (Last updated 12:50 AM on 6th May 2011)
Available at: www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/219779/
News/nation/tuli-a-rite-of-passage-for-filipino-boys [Ac-
cessed on 17 October 2015]
Del Mundo, A. (2015). New foreign film spotlights on Philippine
traditional circumcision rites, DList.ph, [Online] Available
at: http://www.dlist.ph/2015/05/short-film-about-philippine-
traditional.html [Accessed on 21 September 2016]
Dreyer, Y. (2007). Hegemony and the internalisation of homophobia
caused by heteronormativity. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theo-
logical Studies, 63(1), pp.1-18.
EnGendeRights, Inc. and OutRight Action International. (2016).
Philippine LBT Coalition Report for 64th Session of CE-
DAW, Available at: http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CE-
DAW/Shared%20Documents/PHL/INT_CEDA W_NGO_
PHL_24215_E.pdf [Accessed on 20 September 2016]
Enriquez, J. (2006). Globalization, Militarism and Sex Trafficking,
November 18, 2006. Available at: https://catwap.wordpress.
com/resources/speeches-papers/globalization-militarism-and-
sex-trafficking/ [Accessed on 17 October 2015]
Esmaquel II, P. (2015). CBCP on gay marriage ruling: Church cares
for all. Rappler.com, [Online] (Last updated 12:37 AM
on 28th June 2015) Available at: http://www.rappler.com/
nation/97675-cbcp-statement-us-gay-marriage-ruling [Ac-
cessed on 17 October 2015]
Eviota, E.U. 1992. The Political Economy of Gender: Women and
the Sexual Division of Labour in the Philippines, London &
New Jersey: Zed Books.
Executive Order No. 29 The Family Code of the Philippines. Avail-
able at: http://www.gov.ph/downloads/1987/07jul/19870706-
EO-0209-CCA.pdf
Garcia, N. (2009). Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis
to MSM. Hong Kong University Press.
Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural Violence. Journal of Peace Research,
27, 291-305.
Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace, and Peace Research. Journal of
Peace Research, 6, 167-191.
Ho, K. (2007). Structural Violence as a Human Rights Violation.
Essex Human Rights Review, 4, 1-17.
International Gay & Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC).
(2012). Human Rights Violations on the Basis of Sexual
Orientation, Gender Identity and Homosexuality in the
Philippines, submission to the 106th Session of the Human
Rights Committee for the Fourth Periodic Review of the
Philippines, Available at: https://www.outrightinternational.
Org/sites/default/files/philippines_report.pdf [Accessed on 19
September 2016]
International Gay & Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC).
(2010). Violence On The Basis of SOGI Against Non
Heteronormative Women in Asia (Summary Report), Febru-
ary 2010, Available at: http://www.iglhrc.org/sites/default/
files/386-1_0.pdf
International Gay & Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC).
(2012). Submission of the Civil Society Organizations (CSOs)
Coalition Report on the situations of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual
and Transgender (LGBT) persons in the Philippines for the
13th Session of the UN Universal Periodic Review. Available
at: http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session13/
PH/JS13_UPR_PHL_S13_ 2012_JointSubmission13_E.pdf
[Accessed on 17 October 2015]
James Madison University (JMU). (undated). Fact and Information
Sheet About: Heterosexism. Available at: https://www.jmu.
edu/safezone/wm_library/Heterosexism%20Fact%20Sheet.
pdf [Accessed on 17 October 2015]
Kemitraan Indonesia / Partnership for Governance Reform. (2014).
Patriarchal Barriers to Women’s Political Participation in
South-East Asia: Lessons from the Philippines, Cambodia,
Malaysia, Indonesia, and Timor-Leste on Patriarchy and the
Rise of Women’s Participation in State Politics. Available at:
http://iknowpolitics.org/sites/default/files/ikat_us_research-
cultural_en_-_final.pdf [Accessed on 17 October 2015]
Kohut, A., Wike, R., Bell, J., Horowitz, J.M., Simmons, K., Stokes,
B., Poushter, J., Ponce, A., Gross, E.M., Barker, C. and
Devlin, K. (2013). The Global Divide on Homosexuality:
Greater Acceptance in More Secular and Affluent Countries.
Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center. Available at:
http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2013/06/Pew-Global-
Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-FINAL-JUNE-4-2013.pdf
[Accessed on 20 September 2016]
Lim, A.M., Jordan, C.M. and Tangente, M.G.C. (2013). Policy
Audit: Social Protection Policies and Urban Poor LBTs in
the Philippines (Evidence Report No. 21: Sexuality, Poverty
and Law). Institute of Development Studies (IDS).
Macatuno, A. (2015). Pemberton admits he choked Laude. Inquirer.
net, [Online] (Last updated 04:07 AM on 25th August 2015)
Available at: http://globalnation.inquirer.net/127650/pember-
ton-admits-he-choked-laude [Accessed on 17 October 2015]
Mananzan Sr., M.J. 1987. The Filipino Woman: Before and After
the Spanish Conquest of the Philippines. Manila: Institu of
Women’s Studies.
Mendoza, J.R. (2013). Dangerous lives: Being LGBT in Muslim
Mindanao, Outrage Magazine, [Online] (Last updated 10th
December 2013) Available at: http://www.outragemag.com/
dangerous-lives-lgbt-muslim-mindanao/ [Accessed on 17
October 2015]
Nelson, K. (2015). What Is Heteronormativity – And How Does It
Apply to Your Feminism? Here Are 4 Examples, July 24,
2015 Everyday Feminism, [Online] Available at: http://eve-
rydayfeminism.com/2015/07/what-is-heteronormativity/ [Ac-
cessed on 1November 2015]
Philippine LGBT Hate Crime Watch (PLHCW). (2012). Available at
https://thephilippinelgbthatecrimewatch.blogspot.nl/
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). (2016). Poverty incidence
among Filipinos registered at 26.3%, as of first semester of
2015—PSA, Press Release, Philippines Statistics Authority,
18 March 2016, Available at https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/
Files/Press%20Release%20final_0.pdf [Accessed on 20
September 2016].
Rodriguez, L.L. (1990). Patriarchy and Women’s Subordination in
the Philippines, Review of Women’s Studies, Vol. 1 No. 1,
University of the Philippines Center for Women’s Studies.
Santos, A.F. (1997). Patriarchy, Poverty, Prostitution and HIV/AIDS:
The Philippine Experience. CATW-Asia Pacific, October
1997. Available at: https://catwap.wordpress.com/resources/
speeches-papers/patriarchy-poverty-prostitution-and-hivaids-
the-philippine-experience/
The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, 1987, http://
www.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/
Toonen v. Australia. (1994). Communication No. 488/1992, U.N.
Doc CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992. UN Human Rights Commit-
Tee (UNHRC).
Torres, J. (2015). Philippines says inspite of US decision, no gay
marriage anytime soon. UCANews.com, (Last updated 29th
June 2015) Available at: http://www.ucanews.com/news/
philippines-says-in-spite-of-us-decision-no-gay-marriage-
anytime-soon/73851
Umbac, A.S. (2006). Putting You in Your Place: Culture and
the Filipino Lesbian, ISIS International. Available at:
http://www.isiswomen.org/index.php?option=com_
content&view=article&id=278 [Accessed on 20 September
2016]
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR).
(2009). General Comment No. 20: Non-discrimination in
economic, social and cultural rights (art. 2, para. 2, of the
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights). E/C.12/GC/20. 2 July 2009.
UN General Assembly (UNGA). (1948). Universal declaration of
human rights. UN General Assembly.
UN Human Rights Committee (HRC). (1989). General Comment
No. 18: Non-discrimination. Thirty-seventh session. 10 Nov
1989.
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN
OHCHR). (Undated). Combatting discrimination based on
sexual orientation and gender identity. [Online] Available
at: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Discrimination/Pages/
LGBT.aspx [Accessed 17 October 2015]
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN
OHCHR). (Undated). Fact Sheet: International Human Rights
Law and Sexual Orientation & Gender Identity. Available
at: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Discrimination/
LGBT/FactSheets/unfe-11-UN_Fact_Sheets_GenderIdentity_
English.pdf [Accessed on 20 September 2016]
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN
OHCHR). (2008). Frequently Asked Questions on Economic,
Social and Cultural Rights, Fact Sheet No. 33. Available at:
http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FactSheet33
en.pdf
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN
OHCHR). (2012a). Born Free and Equal: Sexual Orientation
and Gender Identity in International Human Rights
Law. New York & Geneva. Available at: http://www.ohchr.
org/Documents/Publications/BornFreeAndEqualLowRes.pdf
[Accessed on 20 September 2016]
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN
OHCHR). (2012b). Guiding Principles on Extreme Poverty
and Human Rights. Available at: https://documents-dds-ny.
un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G12/154/60/PDF/G1215460.
pdf?OpenElement [Accessed on 20 September 2016]
UNDP and USAID. (2014). Being LGBT in Asia: The Philippines
Country Report. Bangkok. Available at: http://www.undp.
org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hiv-aids/being-lgbt-
in-asia--the-philippine-country-report.html [Accessed on 17
October 2015]
Walby, Sylvia (1990). Theorizing Patriarchy, Cambridge : Basil
Blackwell.
UNICEF. (2014). Eliminating Discrimination Against Children and
Parents Based on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity,
Current Issues No. 9, November 2014. Available at: http://
www.unicef.org/videoaudio/PDFs/Current_Issues_Paper-_
Sexual_Identification_Gender_Identity.pdf [Accessed on 17
October 2015]
Yep, G.A. (2002). From homophobia and heterosexism to heter-
onormativity: Toward the development of a model of queer
interventions in the university classroom. Journal of Lesbian
Studies, 6(3-4), pp.163-176.