From Protector to Violator: Assessing the State’s Role in Protecting Freedom of Religion in Indonesia
Article Sidebar
Published:
Dec 28, 2018
Keywords:
religious freedom minority faith violations state actor
Main Article Content
Abstract
Although the Indonesian government protects, maintains,
and ensures freedom of religion for minority religions in the 1945
Constitution (Undang-Undang Dasar tahun, 1945), this freedom is not
necessarily applicable in the practice of religious life. On one hand,
the state has a duty as protector and guarantor of freedom, while on
the other hand, it turns into one of the actors violationg the freedom
of religious minorities. This article will discuss two fundamental
issues that interfere freedom of religion in Indonesia in the democratic
era. The first is that the state interferes with the freedom of minority
religions and the second is that the state deprives minority religious
groups of freedom of religion, either directly or by negligence. This
article will also evaluate the basic concepts of human rights protection
as non-discrimination and the equality principle as two of the
most important pillars of human rights architecture, the Indonesian
Constitution of 1945 as ground norm, and its derivative norms in
some national procedures. In addition, this article also discusses a
comprehensive state policy that discriminates against religious
expression by minority religio groups.
Article Details
How to Cite
Tampubolon, M. (2018). From Protector to Violator: Assessing the State’s Role in Protecting Freedom of Religion in Indonesia. Journal of Human Rights and Peace Studies, 2(1), 45–66. Retrieved from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/HRPS/article/view/163847
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armed conflict, Leiden Journal of International Law, 13(3),
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potential means of holding private actors accountable for
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pdf_file/0005/1680422/Chirwa.pdf
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Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be
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Treatment or Punishment, (1984, December 10), UNTS
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(1996). Y.B. ICL, vol. II (Part Two).
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gender violence: Parsing its power and its perils, Cornell
International Law Journal, 48,301-346. Retrieved from
http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/ILJ/upload/
Goldscheid-Liebowitz-final.pdf
González et al. (“Cotton Field”) v. Mexico (2009, November 16).
Judgment (Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations, and
Costs) Inter-Ame.Ct.H.R.
Farrior, S. (2011). The due diligence standard and violence against
women, Interights Bulletin, 14(4), 150-151. Retrieved from
www.interights.org/files/49/Bulletin%2014.4%20LR.pdf
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the ICTY, Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 7,
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H.R.
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Humanitarian Law, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/
kit_national_enforcement.pdf
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Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs), Inter-Ame.
Ct.H.R.
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Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (GC I),
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Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces
at Sea (GC II), (1949, August 12), 75 UNTS 85.
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violence: The European Courts of Human Rights, due
diligence and international legal minimums of protection,
Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 8
190-215. Retrieved from http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.
edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1098&context=njihr
Henckaerts, J.M & Doswald-Beck, L. (2005). Customary international
humanitarian law, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
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of non-state actors. Buffalo Human Rights Review, II, 21-88.
Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2408964
Hoppe, C. (2008). Passing the buck: State responsibility for private
military companies, European Journal of International Law,
19, 989-1014. https://doi:10.1093/ejil/hn074
Human Rights Committee. (1987, November 2). Herrera Rubio v.
Colombia, Communication No.161/1983.
Human Rights Committee. (1992, March 10). CCPR General
Comment No. 20: Article 7 (Prohibition of Torture, or Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment).
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Committee: Concluding Observations: Algeria, U.N.
Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.95.
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States Parties to the Covenant, U.N. Doc. CCPR/21/Rev.1/
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Reparations and Costs), Inter-Ame.Ct.H.R.
Kersten, M. (n.d). International justice and the prevention of atrocities:
Peace, justice and politics in Northern Uganda. Retrieved
2016 April 18, from European Council on Foreign Relations,
http://www.ecfr.eu/ijp/case/uganda
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Ct.H.R.
Mc Kerry v. The United Kingdom (2001, May 4), App No.28883/95,
Eur.Ct.H.R.
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1991. Armed Control Association. Retrieved from https://
www.armscontrol.org/act/2006_01-02/JANFEB-IraqSarin
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cooperation for the domestic prosecution of international
crimes, Opinio Juris, Weekly News Wrap. Retrieved from
http://opiniojuris.org/2013/08/21/emerging-voices-international-
cooperation-for-the-domestic-prosecution-of-international-
crimes/
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December 9), U.N.Doc. A/RES/260 (1948).
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949,
and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International
Armed Conflict (Protocol II), (1977, June 8).1125 UNTS 609.
Prosecutor v. Anto Furundzija (1998, December 10). Trial Judgement,
IT-95-17/1-T, International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia.
Pueblo Bello Massacre v. Colombia (2006, January 31). Judgment
(Merits, Reparations and Costs), Inter-Ame.Ct.H.R.
Question of enforced or involuntary disappearances: Report of the
Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances.
(2002, January 18). U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2002/79.
Report of the Secretary-General on the Establishment of a Special
Court for Sierra Leone. (2000, October 4). S/2000/915.
Report of the Expert Meeting on Private Military Contractors: Status
and State Responsibility for Their Actions. (2005, August
29-30). University Centre for International Humanitarian
Law, Geneva.
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Causes and Consequences (Yakin Ertürk). (2010, May 20).
U.N Doc. E/CN.4/2006/61.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or
Arbitrary Executions, Philip Alston. (2010, May 20). U.N
Doc. A/HRC/14/24.
Report of the Secretary- General’s Panel of Expert on Accountability
in Sri Lanka. (2011, March 31).
Responsibility to Protect: State Responsibility and Prevention, Report
of the Secretary-General. (2013, July 9).
Schabas, W.A. (2002). Punishment of non-state actors in non-international
armed conflict, Fordham International Law Journal,
26 (4), 906-33. Retrieved from http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/
cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1888&context=ilj
Schabas. (2008). Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide. Retrieved 2016, April 23, from United
Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law. http://legal.
un.org/avl/pdf/ha/cppcg/cppcg_e.pdf
Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection
of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, (1999,
March 26), 2253 U.N.T.S.172.
Security Council resolution 1120 (1997), [Croatia], (1997, July
14), S/RES/1120 (1997).
Security Council resolution 1315 (2000), [on establishment of a
Special Court for Sierra Leone], (2000, August 14), S/RES/
1315 (2000).
Sirleaf, M. (2013. August 27). Emerging voices: Making room for
the distributive in transitional justice, Opinio Juris, Weekday
News Wrap. Retrieved from http://opiniojuris.org/2013/08/27/
emerging-voices-making-room-distributive-transitional-justice/?
utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_ca
mpaign=Feed%3A+opiniojurisfeed+%28Opinio+Juris%29
Tiroch, K. (2010). Violence against women by private actors: The
Inter-American Court’s judgement in the case of Gonzalez
et al. (“Cotton Field”) v. Mexico, Max Planck Yearbook of
United Nations Law, 14, 371-408.
The Responsibility to Protect, Report of the International Commission
on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) (2001).
Retrieved from http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20
Report.pdf
The Social and Economic Rights Action Center and the Center for
Economic and Social Rights v. Nigeria (2001). AfrCommHR,
Comm. No. 155/96.
Zegveld. L. (2002). Accountability of armed opposition groups in
international law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ziemele, I. (2009). Human rights violations by private persons and
entities: The case-law of international human rights courts and
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