State Obligations towards the Conduct of Armed Non-State Actors in the Perspective of Due Diligence Principle
Article Sidebar
Published:
Jun 29, 2016
Keywords:
State Armed Non-State Actors Due diligence Obligation International Human Rights Law International Humanitarian Law
Main Article Content
Abstract
The state is a main responder in international law in general
and in international human rights law in particular from the statecentred
point of view. Thus, on the one hand, some acts of private
actors, including armed non-state actors may be attributed to the state.
On the other hand, the state has an obligation to protect its citizens
and other human beings on its soil from the harmful acts of private
actors, including armed non-state actors, through its due diligence
duty and by taking necessary steps. By employing descriptive and
analytical methods of research, this article examines as to whether
the state is able to fulfil its obligations to protect its people within
its territory and the capacity of states to fulfil such obligations in an
armed conflict. This article shows the practical challenges of states
in fulfilling their obligations in an armed conflict due to the acts of
armed non-state actors within the territory of states and the function
of transnational armed groups across national boundaries. Nevertheless,
this article illustrates how states can ensure the protection
of international law through a realistic approach of legal, as well as
non-legal, measures before and after the armed conflict.
Article Details
How to Cite
Pushparajah, N. (2016). State Obligations towards the Conduct of Armed Non-State Actors in the Perspective of Due Diligence Principle. Journal of Human Rights and Peace Studies, 2(1), 1–44. Retrieved from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/HRPS/article/view/163841
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protect women from violence. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
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and the common core of humanitarian law applicable to all
armed conflict, Leiden Journal of International Law, 13(3),
619-653. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156500000406
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potential means of holding private actors accountable for
human rights, Melbourne Journal of International Law, 5,
1-36. Retrieved from http://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/
pdf_file/0005/1680422/Chirwa.pdf
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of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims
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Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain
Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be
Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (and
Protocols) (As Amended on 21 December 2001), (1980,
October 10), 1342 UNTS 137.
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and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction,
(1997, September 18), 2056 U.N.T.S.211.
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading
Treatment or Punishment, (1984, December 10), UNTS
1465, p. 85.
Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind.
(1996). Y.B. ICL, vol. II (Part Two).
Goldscheid, J & Liebowitz, D.J. (2015). Due diligence and
gender violence: Parsing its power and its perils, Cornell
International Law Journal, 48,301-346. Retrieved from
http://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/ILJ/upload/
Goldscheid-Liebowitz-final.pdf
González et al. (“Cotton Field”) v. Mexico (2009, November 16).
Judgment (Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations, and
Costs) Inter-Ame.Ct.H.R.
Farrior, S. (2011). The due diligence standard and violence against
women, Interights Bulletin, 14(4), 150-151. Retrieved from
www.interights.org/files/49/Bulletin%2014.4%20LR.pdf
Fenrick, W.J. (2004). The prosecution of unlawful attack cases before
the ICTY, Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 7,
153-90.
Final Report on the Situation of Human Rights in El Salvador of J.A.
Pastor Ridruejo, (1982, January 18), U.N Doc. E/CN.4/1502
(1982).
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H.R.
ICRC. (2004). Obligations in terms of penal repression. Retrieved
2015, October 3, from Advisory Service on International
Humanitarian Law, http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/
kit_national_enforcement.pdf
Ilascu and Others v. Moldova and Russia (2004, July 8), App.
No 48787/99, Eur.Ct.H.R.
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Human Rights in El Salvador, OEA/Ser.L/11.85, Doc.28 rev.
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February 24), App. No.57947/00; 57948/00; 57949/00, Eur.
Ct.H.R.
Ituango Massacres v. Colombia (2006, July 1). Judgment (Preliminary
Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs), Inter-Ame.
Ct.H.R.
Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the
Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field (GC I),
(1949, August 12), 75 UNTS 31.
Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of
Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces
at Sea (GC II), (1949, August 12), 75 UNTS 85.
Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War
(GC III), (1949, August 12), 75 UNTS 135.
Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons
in Time of War (GC IV), (1949, August 12), 75 UNTS 287.
Osman v. United Kingdom (1998, October 28), Case No. 87/1997/
871/1083, Judgment, Eur.Ct.H.R.
Hasselbacher, L. (2010). State obligations regarding domestic
violence: The European Courts of Human Rights, due
diligence and international legal minimums of protection,
Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 8
190-215. Retrieved from http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.
edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1098&context=njihr
Henckaerts, J.M & Doswald-Beck, L. (2005). Customary international
humanitarian law, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Hessbruegge, J. (2005). Human rights violations arising from conduct
of non-state actors. Buffalo Human Rights Review, II, 21-88.
Retrieved from https://ssrn.com/abstract=2408964
Hoppe, C. (2008). Passing the buck: State responsibility for private
military companies, European Journal of International Law,
19, 989-1014. https://doi:10.1093/ejil/hn074
Human Rights Committee. (1987, November 2). Herrera Rubio v.
Colombia, Communication No.161/1983.
Human Rights Committee. (1992, March 10). CCPR General
Comment No. 20: Article 7 (Prohibition of Torture, or Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment).
Human Rights Committee. (1998, August 18). UN Human Rights
Committee: Concluding Observations: Algeria, U.N.
Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.95.
Human Rights Committee. (2004, May 26). General comment no. 31
[80], the nature of the general legal obligation imposed on
States Parties to the Covenant, U.N. Doc. CCPR/21/Rev.1/
Add.13.
Kawas-Fernández v. Honduras (2009, April 3). Judgment (Merits,
Reparations and Costs), Inter-Ame.Ct.H.R.
Kersten, M. (n.d). International justice and the prevention of atrocities:
Peace, justice and politics in Northern Uganda. Retrieved
2016 April 18, from European Council on Foreign Relations,
http://www.ecfr.eu/ijp/case/uganda
Kilic v. Turkey (2008, March 28).App No.22492/93, Judgment, Eur.
Ct.H.R.
Mc Kerry v. The United Kingdom (2001, May 4), App No.28883/95,
Eur.Ct.H.R.
Nguyen, M. (2006, January 1). Report confirms Iraq used Sarin in
1991. Armed Control Association. Retrieved from https://
www.armscontrol.org/act/2006_01-02/JANFEB-IraqSarin
Pfeiffer, S. (2013, August 21). Emerging voices: International
cooperation for the domestic prosecution of international
crimes, Opinio Juris, Weekly News Wrap. Retrieved from
http://opiniojuris.org/2013/08/21/emerging-voices-international-
cooperation-for-the-domestic-prosecution-of-international-
crimes/
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, (1948,
December 9), U.N.Doc. A/RES/260 (1948).
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949,
and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International
Armed Conflict (Protocol II), (1977, June 8).1125 UNTS 609.
Prosecutor v. Anto Furundzija (1998, December 10). Trial Judgement,
IT-95-17/1-T, International Criminal Tribunal for the
former Yugoslavia.
Pueblo Bello Massacre v. Colombia (2006, January 31). Judgment
(Merits, Reparations and Costs), Inter-Ame.Ct.H.R.
Question of enforced or involuntary disappearances: Report of the
Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances.
(2002, January 18). U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2002/79.
Report of the Secretary-General on the Establishment of a Special
Court for Sierra Leone. (2000, October 4). S/2000/915.
Report of the Expert Meeting on Private Military Contractors: Status
and State Responsibility for Their Actions. (2005, August
29-30). University Centre for International Humanitarian
Law, Geneva.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, its
Causes and Consequences (Yakin Ertürk). (2010, May 20).
U.N Doc. E/CN.4/2006/61.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or
Arbitrary Executions, Philip Alston. (2010, May 20). U.N
Doc. A/HRC/14/24.
Report of the Secretary- General’s Panel of Expert on Accountability
in Sri Lanka. (2011, March 31).
Responsibility to Protect: State Responsibility and Prevention, Report
of the Secretary-General. (2013, July 9).
Schabas, W.A. (2002). Punishment of non-state actors in non-international
armed conflict, Fordham International Law Journal,
26 (4), 906-33. Retrieved from http://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/
cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1888&context=ilj
Schabas. (2008). Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of
the Crime of Genocide. Retrieved 2016, April 23, from United
Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law. http://legal.
un.org/avl/pdf/ha/cppcg/cppcg_e.pdf
Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection
of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, (1999,
March 26), 2253 U.N.T.S.172.
Security Council resolution 1120 (1997), [Croatia], (1997, July
14), S/RES/1120 (1997).
Security Council resolution 1315 (2000), [on establishment of a
Special Court for Sierra Leone], (2000, August 14), S/RES/
1315 (2000).
Sirleaf, M. (2013. August 27). Emerging voices: Making room for
the distributive in transitional justice, Opinio Juris, Weekday
News Wrap. Retrieved from http://opiniojuris.org/2013/08/27/
emerging-voices-making-room-distributive-transitional-justice/?
utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_ca
mpaign=Feed%3A+opiniojurisfeed+%28Opinio+Juris%29
Tiroch, K. (2010). Violence against women by private actors: The
Inter-American Court’s judgement in the case of Gonzalez
et al. (“Cotton Field”) v. Mexico, Max Planck Yearbook of
United Nations Law, 14, 371-408.
The Responsibility to Protect, Report of the International Commission
on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) (2001).
Retrieved from http://responsibilitytoprotect.org/ICISS%20
Report.pdf
The Social and Economic Rights Action Center and the Center for
Economic and Social Rights v. Nigeria (2001). AfrCommHR,
Comm. No. 155/96.
Zegveld. L. (2002). Accountability of armed opposition groups in
international law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ziemele, I. (2009). Human rights violations by private persons and
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