The Influence of Civil Society Organizations Towards the Right to Education of Child Labor in Yangon: Non-Governmental Organizations as a Nexus of the Right to Education for Forgotten Children in Myanmar
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Child laborers can be seen easily in every place of Myanmar
accomping the economic booming in the transnal period. Through
the complex phenomena such s economic hardship and, religious and
cultural factors, the increasing number of child laborers threatens the
future of Myanmar. The govenment has poor policies regarding child
labor issues; meanwhile stakeholders do not have enough strength to
address the problem. Education may reduce the number of laborers
through means of enhancing development and spill-over benefits.
Yet child laborers in Myanmar, in reality, are unable to attend school.
With the openness of Myanmar, non-governmental organizations
create a platform in the transitional period to break the silence on
forgotten children throughout the country. This paper works throh
deep interviews withto members of NGOs who are actively involved
in child labor projects, some child laborers, and other stakeholders in
Yangon, Myanmar. The purpose of this paper is to show how NGOs
campaign for the rights to education for child laborers. The argument
is that NGOs, as one of the duty bearers, have become in realizing
the rights to education of for child laborers, especially in Myanmar
where the govenment has poor policiesy to comply with the Convention
on the Rights of the Child (CRC) that Myanmar ratified in 1991.
Indeed, this paper tends to amplify the claim of child laborers to their
child rights, in particular their right to education.
Article Details
The views, opinions, and pictures expressed in this journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions and viewpoints of the editor and the editorial board. All rights are reserved by the authors and the Institute of Human Rights and Peace Studies of Mahidol University. No part of this journal may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission in writing from the journal’s editor, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Non-commercial use of information in this journal must be properly referenced.
References
Amnesty International. (2012) The Right to Education. The Right to Education. ESC Right in Practice. Amsterdam: Amnesty Internation, Netherlands.
Aung, S. Y. (2014). Govt to Start Child Labor Elimination Policy in December, Online. The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 18 July 2014,
from http://www.irrawaddy.org/burma/govt-start-child-laborelimination-policy-december.html.
Aye, T. M. M. (2015), Interview on Roles of NGOs towards the Right to Education of Child Labor/Interviewer: E. Lwin. Human Rights Program, 21 January 2015.
Benedek, W. (2006). Understanding Human Rights: Manual on Human Rights Education: Neuer Wissenschaftlicher Verlag.
Bhone, W. Y. (2015). Child Labor. Human Rights and Democracy, 3(1), pp. 18-25.
Craissati, D., Devi Banerjee, U., King, L., Lansdown, G., & Smith, A. (2007). A human rights based approach to education for all: United Nations Children’s Fund.
Dessy, S., & Knowles, J. (2008). Why is child labor illegal? European Economic Review, 52(7), pp. 1275-1311. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2007.11.004.
Doftori, M. R. (2004). Education and child labor in developing countries. A Study on the Role of Non-Governmental Organisations in Bangladesh and Nepal, Department of Social Policy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki.
Eide, A., Krause, C., & Rosas, A. (1995). Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: A Textbook: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers/Brill Academic Publication.
Erickson, M. F., Cohen, C. P., Hart, S., & Flekkoy, M. G. (2001). Children’s Rights in Education: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Hays, J. (2008). Facts and Details. Children in Myanmar. Retrieved May 2014, from http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Myanmar/sub5_5c/entry-3043.html.
Hilowitz, J. (2004). Child Labor: A textbook for university students: International Labor Office.
Hunt, K. (2013). The 10 worst countries for child labor, Online. CNN. Retrieved 15 October 2013, from http://edition.cnn.
com/2013/10/15/world/child-labor-index-2014/.
International Labor Organization. (2013). Marking progress against child laborGlobal estimates and trends 2000-2012 (pp. 48).
Retrieved from http://www.google.co.th/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CB0QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fwcmsp5%2Fgroups%2Fpub
lic%2F---ed_norm%2F---ipec%2Fdocuments%2Fpublication%2Fwcms_221513.pdf&ei=2ZVAVf6QHIuVuATzyICICQ&usg=AFQjCNGdMEhdFqGZsZe5VW58KqrOcTm-Lg&si
g2=PygasJp5hQwdO5aho_Iy8A&bvm=bv.91665533,d.c2E.
International Labor Organization. (n.d). What is Child Labor? Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang--en/index.htm.
Khine, M. K. (2015). The High Cost of ‘Free’ ed. Retrieved 18 May 2015, from http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/specialfeatures/207-education-2015/14536-the-high-cost-of-freeed.html.
Kim, C.-Y. (2009). Is combining child labor and school education the right approach? Investigating the Cambodian case.International Journal of Educational Development, 29(1),30-38. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2008.04.007.
Kim, C.-Y. (2011). Child labor, education policy and governance in Cambodia. International Journal of Educational Development, 31(5), pp. 496-504. doi: http://dx.doi.org/
10.1016/j.ijedudev.2011.03.002.
Matz, P. (2011). Mainstreaming Child Labor Concerns in Education Sector Plans and Programmes (First ed.). Turin: ILO.
Saberi, R. (2015). Long hours, meager wages: Child labor continues in Myanmar. Aljazeera America News. Retrieved 14 April 2015, from http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/4/14/child-labor-continues-in-myanmar.html.
Sandar, S. (2014). Interview on Right to Education of Child Labor/Interviewer: E. Lwin. Human Rights Program, 28 December 2014.
Sandkull, O. (2005). Strengthening inclusive education by applying a rights-based approach to education programming. Paper
presented at the ISEC Conference, Glasgow.
Scottish Human Rights Commission. (2011). What is a human rights based approach? Retrieved from http://www.scottishhumanrights.
com/careaboutrights/whatisahumanrightsbasedapproach.
Sianesi, B., & Van Reenen, J. (2000). The returns to education: a review of the macro-economic literature: Centre for the Economics of Education, London School of Economics and Political Science.
Soe, A. (2015) Interview on Right to Education of Child Labor/Interviewer: E. Lwin. Human Rights Program.
Thu, T. (2015). Interview on Right to Education of Child Labor/Interviewer: E. Lwin. Human Rights Program, 3 January 2015.
Tomaševski, K. (2001). Human Rights ObligationsMaking Education Available, Accessible, acceptable and adaptable Retrieved from
http://www.google.co.th/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CCMQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rightto-
education.org%2Fsites%2Fright-to-education.org%2Ffiles%2Fresource-attachments%2FTomasevski_P r i m e r % 2 5 2 0 3 . p d f & e i = 1 F d p V Z T R K Z C 8 u AT 0
u Y G Q A Q & u s g = A F Q j C N H y G t J R N t L R O b r 1 g v -d6setVzeYtQ&bvm=bv.94455598,d.c2E.
Tomaševski, K. (2004). Manual on Rights-Based Education [Press release]. Retrieved from www.right-to-education.org/sites/right-to-education.org/files/resource-attachments/Manual%20on%20Rights-based%20Education_Tomasevski_0.pdf.
UNESCO. (2014). The Right to EducationLaw and Policy Review Guidelines.
UNICEF. (2002). Right Holders and Duty Bearers. Retrieved from http://www.advocate-for-children.org/advocacy/rights_based_approach/rights_holders_duty_bearers.
Verisk Maplecroft. (2012). Child Labor Index 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2015, from https://maplecroft.com/about/news/
child_labor_2012.html.
Weiner, M. (1991). The child and the state in India: Child labor and education policy in comparative perspective: Princeton University Press.
Wintour, N. (2013). Child Labor and Education for All: A resource Guide for trade unions and a call against Child Labor and for Education for All. Retrieved 22 September 2015, from http://download.ei-ie.org/SiteDirectory/ChildLaborEditorialGroup/Doc/ChildLabor%20and%20EFA_EN.pdf.
Yıldırım, B., Beydili, E., & Görgülü, M. (2015). The Effects of Education System on to the Child Labor: An Evaluation from the Social Work Perspective. Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 174(0), pp. 518-522. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.697.