Social Changes and Their Effects on Community-based Organizations’ Fundraising Efforts for Shan Displaced Communities in Thailand
Main Article Content
Abstract
Rapid social changes can significantly impact the fundraising efforts of community-based organizations (CBOs) by influencing donor priorities, shifting community needs, affecting social values, and increasing competition for limited resources. Forced displacement communities are particularly vulnerable to these challenges, as fundraising outcomes directly affect their livelihood security. This study explores the practical challenges faced by a CBO in Thailand as it fundraises for individuals from Shan state, Myanmar displaced by armed conflict. A deeper understanding of these challenges can help humanitarian aid agencies develop more effective strategies to support livelihood interventions for forced displacement communities. The thematic technique was employed to analyze qualitative data from seven in-depth interviews and direct participation in the fundraising. The study found that the CBO has been challenged by accusations of contributing to conflicts, ambiguous cross-border governance, and a rise in cyberattacks that disrupt funding sources and information flow. To address these issues, the study recommends fostering settings and conditions that build public trust and encourage technological collaboration to enhance fundraising success.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
References
Aboul-Enein, S. (2017). Cybersecurity challenges in the Middle East. Geneva: Geneva Centre for Security Policy.
Anghel, R. G. and Trandafoiu, R. (2022). A glimpse of humanity: How Romanians have mobilised to help Ukrainian refugees. LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) blog.
Bekhet, A. K. and Zauszniewski, J. A. (2012). Methodological triangulation: An approach to understanding data. Nurse Researcher, 20(2), 40-43. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2012.11.20.2.40.c9442
Biernacki, P. and Waldorf, D. (1981). Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques of chain referral sampling. Sociological methods & research, 10(2), 141-163.
BouChabke, S. and Haddad, G. (2021). Ineffectiveness, poor coordination, and corruption in humanitarian aid: The Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon. VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 32(4), 894-909.
Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Chotinukul, J. (2020). Thailand and the national screening mechanism. Geneva Graduate Institute. Global migration research paper N °25 | 2020. Geneva: Global Migration Centre.
Dethier, F., Delcourt, C., and Willems, J. (2021). Transparency of nonprofit organizations: An integrative framework and research agenda. Journal of Philanthropy and Marketing, 28(4), e1725.
Freier, L. F., Micinski, N. R., and Tsourapas, G. (2021). Refugee commodification: The diffusion of refugee rent-seeking in the Global South. Third World Quarterly, 42(11), 2747-2766.
Fumagalli, M. and Kemmerling, A. (2024). Development aid and domestic regional inequality: The case of Myanmar. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 65(4), 486-515.
Gandhi, R., Sharma, A., Mahoney, W., Sousan, W., Zhu, Q., and Laplante, P. (2011). Dimensions of cyber-Attacks: Cultural, social, economic, and political. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 30(1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.1109/mts.2011.940293
Gates, M. (2015). Cybersecurity as ransomware continues to spread, companies must decide whether to back up or pay up to get their data back. The American Society for Industrial Security, 59(12), 26-26.
George, U., Benayoune, A., and McDermott, T. (2020). A partnership approach to Syrian refugee resettlement in Toronto and Mississauga: Preliminary findings. Toronto, ON.: Ryerson Centre for Immigration and Settlement.
Ghoorah, U., Talukder, A. M. H., and Khan, A. (2021). Donors’ perceptions of financial disclosures and links to donation intentions. Accounting Forum, 45(2), 142-170.
Gonzalez Benson, O., Pimentel Walker, A., Yoshihama, M., Burnett, C., and Asadi, L. (2019). A framework for ancillary health services provided by refugee and immigrant-run CBOs Language assistance, systems navigation, and hands on support. Journal of Community Medicine and Health Education, 9(5), 665.
Goździak, E. M. and Walter, A. (2012). Urban refugees in Cairo. Washington, DC.: Institute for the Study of International Migration.
Gurdgiev, C. and Fleming, A. (2021). Informational efficiency and cybersecurity: Systemic threats to blockchain applications. In T. Walker, J. McGaughey, S. Goubran, N. Wagdy (Eds.). Innovations in Social Finance. (pp. 347-372). New York, N.Y.: Springer.
Haines, R. and Buchanan, C. (2023). The localisation discourse in post-2021 Myanmar: Implications for conflict sensitivity. Development in Practice, 33(5), 648-655.
Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597-606.
Huq, E. and Miraftab, F. (2020). “We are all refugees”: Camps and informal settlements as converging spaces of global displacements. Planning Theory and Practice, 21(3), 351-370.
Idler, A. and Tkacova, K. (2023). Myanmar cross-stakeholder forum report: Addressing uncertainty in changing conflict situations. Oxford University Research Archive.
Kostyuk, N. and Zhukov, Y. M. (2019). Invisible digital front: Can cyber attacks shape battlefield events? Journal of Conflict Resolution, 63(2), 317-347. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002717737138
Lemberg-Pedersen, M. and Haioty, E. (2021). Re-assembling the surveillable refugee body in the era of data-craving. In N. Amelung, C. Gianolla, J.S. Ribeiro, O. Solovova (Eds.). Material politics of citizenship: Connecting migrations with science and technological studies. (pp. 38-55). Routledge.
Marelli, M. (2020). Hacking humanitarians: Defining the cyber perimeter and developing a cyber security strategy for international humanitarian organizations in digital transformation. International Review of the Red Cross, 102(913), 367-387.
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., and Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734.
Mierzwa, S. and Scott, J. (2017). Cybersecurity in non-profit and non-governmental organizations. Institute for Critical Infrastructure Technology.
Moreno-Serna, J., Sánchez-Chaparro, T., Mazorra, J., Arzamendi, A., Stott, L., and Mataix, C. (2020). Transformational collaboration for the SDGs: The Alianza Shire’s work to provide energy access in refugee camps and host communities. Sustainability, 12(2), 539. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020539
Musila, G. M. (2019). Freedoms under threat: The spread of anti-NGO measures in Africa. Washington, DC: Freedom House.
Panzica, M. (2020). A difficult line to walk: NGO and LGBTQ+ refugee experiences with information and communications technology (ICT) in Canada. M.A. Thesis, Dalhousie University, Canada.
Pasha, S. (2020). Developmental humanitarianism, resilience and (dis)empowerment in a Syrian refugee camp. Journal of International Development, 32(2), 244-259. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3454
Pechdin, W. and Ahmad, M. M. (2022). Revisiting critical consequences from armed conflicts in the Shan state, Myanmar: Implications for border development of Chiang Mai province, Thailand. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 43(4), 1067-1074. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2022.43.4.32
Pechdin, W. and Ahmad, M. M. (2023a). A glimpse into the minds of Thais: Unveiling the factors influencing Thai local attitudes towards Myanmar refugees. Migration Letters, 20(2), 199-207.
Pechdin, W. and Ahmad, M. M. (2023b). A guideline for host communities in selecting effective livelihood interventions for refugees in an informal refugee resettlement: A case study of Chiang Mai province, Thailand. In M. Hamza, D. Amaratunga, R. Haigh, C. Malalgoda, C. Jayakody, A. Senanayake (Eds.). Rebuilding communities after displacement: Sustainable and resilience approaches. (pp. 403-420). New York, N.Y.: Springer.
Simko, L., Lerner, A., Ibtasam, S., Roesner, F., and Kohno, T. (2018). Computer security and privacy for refugees in the United States. 2018 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), 409-423. https://doi.org/10.1109/SP.2018.00023
Tartaro-Flowerday, A. (2021). Strategies to recruit and retain technologically competent volunteers in nonprofit organizations. Doctor of Business Administration Dissertation, Walden University, U.S.A.
The Shan Women’s Action Network. (2003). Shan refugees: Dispelling the myths. Chiangmai: The Shan Women's Action Network.
Ting, W. C. (2018). Charting interfaces of power: Actors, constellations of mobility and weaving displaced Shan’s translocal ‘Home’ territory along the Thai-Burma border. Journal of Refugee Studies, 31(3), 390-406.
Walker, A. P. P., Sanga, N., Benson, O. G., Yoshihama, M., and Routté, I. (2022). Participatory action research in times of coronavirus disease 2019: Adapting approaches with refugee-led community-based organizations. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action, 16(2), 69-76.
Win, T. Z. M. and Zaw, Y. M. (2024). The politics of international humanitarian aid in post-coup of Myanmar: Norms, powers, and interests. Journal of International Development Studies, 32(3), 19-34.
Yawnghwe, C. T. (2010). The Shan of Burma: Memoirs of a Shan exile. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Websites
Betts, A., Pincock, K., and Easton-Calabria, E. (2018). Refugees as providers of protection and assistance. RSC Research in Brief. Retrieved 16 October 2020 from https://bit.ly/31txeP5
Hein, H. (2018). U.S. Consul General visit Koung-Jor Shan refugee camp. BMI Multimedia Group. Retrieved 22 June 2022 from https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/us-consul-general-visit-koung-jor-shan-refugee-camp
Interviews
K1. (Pseudonym). (2021, November 25). Interview. A member of the participating CBO. Chiangmai.
K2. (Pseudonym). (2021, November 25). Interview. A member of the participating CBO. Chiangmai.
K3. (Pseudonym). (2021, November 21). Interview. A local person who had experience in fundraising for Shan displaced persons. Chiangmai.
K4. (Pseudonym). (2021, November 21). Interview. A local person who had experience in fundraising for Shan displaced persons. Chiangmai.
K5. (Pseudonym). (2021, November 22). Interview. A local person who had experience in fundraising for Shan displaced persons. Chiangmai.
K6. (Pseudonym). (2021, December 5). Interview. Member of a local NGO operating in the southern Shan state. Chiangmai.
K7. (Pseudonym). (2021, December 6). Interview. A former local Thai government official. Chiangmai.