Conceptual Metaphor “HUMAN BEINGS ARE ANIMALS”: A Case Study of Nicknames in Chinese Literature of “Water Margin”
Keywords:
conceptual metaphor “HUMAN BEINGS ARE ANIMALS”, nicknames, Chinese culture, Chinese literatureAbstract
The purpose of this research was to study the conceptual metaphor “HUMAN BEINGS ARE ANIMALS” in “Water Margin”, one of the four great works of Chinese classical literature attributed to Shi Nai’an, parts of which originated in the 14th century. How the animal-related metaphorical expressions reflect the underlying conceptual system of Chinese speakers and cultural models was also examined. The data were collected from the original version of “Water Margin” and analyzed with Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), as put forward by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980). The “GREAT CHAIN OF BEING” system of George Lakoff and Mark Turner (1989) and cognitive metaphorical model of “HUMAN BEINGS ARE ANIMALS” by Zoltán Kövecses (2002) were also utilized. There were a total of 48 relevant nicknames of characters in the novel to be analysed. The results were that two main metaphorical categories were used in these nicknames, which were: (1) HUMAN BEINGS ARE NATURAL ANIMALS and (2) HUMAN BEINGS ARE MYTHICAL ANIMALS. Metaphorical expressions found in this research not only reflected aesthetic values and authorial skills, but also the Chinese conceptual system that “HUMAN BEINGS ARE ANIMALS”, based in part on cultural experiences, including traditional beliefs, and the cultural and social environment of ancient Chinese life. These findings may help readers deepen their understanding of classic Chinese literature.
References
ภาษาไทย
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Charatchai Chiewyudt จรัสชัย เชี่ยวยุทธ. 2010. Songgang wiraburut khao liangsan loem 1-4 ซ้องกั๋ง วีรบุรุษเขาเหลียงซาน เล่ม 1-4 [Water Margin, Vol. 1-4]. Bangkok: Saengdao.
Thiwaporn Meechin ทิวาภรณ์ มีชิน. 2000. “khunkha thang satitpanya nai songgang” คุณค่าทางสติปัญญาในซ้องกั๋ง [The intellectual value of the intellectual in the Water Margin]. Master thesis, Naresuan University.
ภาษาอังกฤษ
Cao, Lei. 2014. A Study of Animal Metaphor in Aesop’s Fables from the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Master of Arts (Foreign Language and Literature). China University of Geosciences (Beijing).
Cao, Yujiao. 2015. A Study of the Russian Translation of Conceptual Metaphors in “Shui Hu Zhuan”. Master of Arts (Russian Language and Literature). Sichuan International Studies University.
Dai, Yujia. 2013. Research in Idioms Containing “Dragon” Morpheme. Master of Arts (Chinese Language and Literature). Inner Mongolia University.
Dong, Chaochao. 2016. A Contrastive Study of Nickname Translation in ‘Shui Hu Zhuan’ from the Perspective of Conceptual Integration Theory. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Qingdao University of Science and Technology.
Fernández Fontecha, A. & R.M. Jiménez Catalán. 2003. Semantic Derogation in Animal Metaphor: a Contrastive Cognitive Analysis of Male/Female Examples in English and Spanish. Journal of Pragmatics 35: 771-797.
Gao, Lei. 2012. Animal Metaphor Chinese Zodiacs Sayings. Master of Arts (Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Qufu Normal University.
He, Ting. 2015. A Metaphorical Study of Animal Proverbs in English. Master of Arts (Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Shanghai Normal University.
He, Yanhong. 2012. A Study on English Cattle and Chinese Niu: Metaphorical and Cognitive Perspectives. Master of Arts (English Language and Literature). Fujian Normal University.
Holmes, J. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London : Longman.
Kövecses, Zoltan. 2002. Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. USA: Oxford University Press.
Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. 1980. Metaphor We Live By. USA Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. and M. Turner. 1989. More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
Lei, Zhenming. 2010. A Tentative Study of English Animal Metaphor: Cognitive Perspectives. Master of Arts (English Language and Literature). Sichuan International Studies University.
Li, Jing. 2010. Nicknames Study on Outlaws of the Marsh. Master of Arts (Chinese Language and Literature). Shandong University.
Li, Qing. 2013. Analysis of Nickname Translation in Shapiro’s Outlaws of the Marsh from the Perspective of Idealised Cognitive Models. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). General South University.
Li, Zi. 2010. Animal Metaphor in Idioms: A Dictionary - Based Contrastive Study between English and Chinese from the Cognitive Perspective. Master of Arts (Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Guangxi Normal University.
Liu, Yanjuan. 2010.The Cultural Meanings of Chicken in Socioculture of Russian and Chinese. Master of Arts (Russian Language and Literature). Sichuang Foreigner Language University.
Liu, Ting. 2011. Translating the Animal Metaphor within the Framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory: A Case Study of ‘Shui Hu Zhuan’. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Lanzhou University.
Lu, Xin. 2014. A Comparative Study of Snake Metaphors in Chinese and English: A Cognitive Study Approach. Master of Arts (Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Nanjing Normal University.
Liu, Yingying. 2013. A Cognitive Study of “Wolf” Metaphor in the Novel Langtuteng. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Dongbei Normal University.
López Rodríguez, I. 2007. The Representation of Women in Teenage and Women’s Magazines: Recurring Metaphors in English. Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense 15: 15- 42.
MacArthur, F. 2005. The Competent Horseman in a Horseless World: Observations on a Conventional Metaphor in Spanish and English. Metaphor and Symbol 20: 71-94.
Mo, Jiao. 2012. Modern Chinese Words and Phrases Research on Animal Metaphors. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Dongbei Normal University.
Peng, Lu. 2012. A Contrastive Study of Nicknames Translation in ‘Shui Hu Zhuan’ from the Perspective of Cognitive Linguistics. Master of Arts (English Language and Literature). Hubei University.
Rodríguez. I. L. 2009. Of Women, Bitches, Chickens and Vixens: Animal Metaphors for Women in English and Spanish. Cultural Studies Journal of University JUNE 1 Vol. 2009, pp. 77-100.
Shi, Nai’an. 2014. Water Margin (水浒传). Beijing: Beijing Union Publishing Company.
Shu, Dingfang. 2009. A Cognitive Study of Nicknames of the 108 Heroes in the Outlaws of the Marsh. The Journal of Foreign Languages Research Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 29-32.
Shen, Xiaofeng. 2013. A Pragmatic Study of Nicknames in "Outlaws of the Marsh" (《水浒传》人物绰号的语用学研究). Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Qufu Normal University.
Song, Yanhua. 2009. A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Animal Metaphor: A Cognitive and Cultural Perspective. Master of Arts (Foreign Language and Literature). Shandong Normal University.
Tang, Suyue. 2012. Analysis of Comparison between Animal Words in Chinese and Thai. Master of Arts (Teaching Chinese as a Foreigner Language). Xiamen University.
The Editorial Board for Idioms Dictionary (《成语大词典》编委会). 2016. Idioms Dictionary (the latest revised edition of color vision)《成语大词典（最新修订版·彩色本）》. Beijing: Commerical Press.
The Institute of Linguistics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (中国社会科学院语⾔研究所词典编辑室). 2016. The Contemporary of Chinese Dictionary (现代汉语词典 (第 7 版)). Beijng: The Commercial Press.
Wang, Hongmei. 2015. A Conceptual Metaphor Study of Nicknames in “Water Margin” (《水浒传》人物绰号的概念隐喻研究). Journal of Hubei University of Economics (Humanities and Social Sciences). Vol. 12 No. 12, pp. 107-108.
Wang, Jian. and Shuai, Weiwei. 2010. A Cognitive Metaphor Study of Nicknames of NBA Football Players (NBA 球员绰号的认知隐喻学分析). Anhui Literature. Vol. 60 No. 6, pp. 249, 255.
Wang, Qing. 2008. The Exploration of the Cognition and Application of the Animal Metaphor. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Shanghai Jiaotong University.
Wu, Wenhong. 2005. The Symbolic Meaning of Animal in Chinese and Russian Culture. Journal of Hebei Software Institute Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 27-29.
Xin, Dan. 2006. A Contrastive Analysis of Semantic Derogation in English and Chinese Animal Metaphor: A Cognitive Approach. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Dongbei Normal University.
Yang, Zhanjiang. 2008. A Study of Shapiro’s Translation of the Characters’ Nicknames. Master of Arts (English Language and Literature). Hunan Normal University.
Zeng, Yue. 2014. On the Translation of Cultural Images of Characters’ Nicknames in Jin Yong's Novels - Based on Examples from “Book and Sword: Gratitude and Revenge” and “The Deer and the Cauldron”. Master of Arts (Master of Interpreting and Translation). Fujian Normal University.
Zhao, Qian. 2010. Human Beings Animal and Metaphor - A Shallow Research on the Metaphor “HUMAN BEINGS ARE ANIMALS” from Chinese and English Idioms. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Northwest University.
Zhang, Huiyuan. and Yang, Shichao. 2013. Contrastive Study of Metaphors of Weapon Names (Especially the Nicknames) in Chinese - America Military Vocabulary. The Journal of Foreign Languages Research Vol. 29 No. 7, pp. 377, 384.
Zhang, Jingyi. 2015. Characters’ Nicknames in Jin Yong’s Compositions from the Perspective of Cognitive Linguistics. (从认知角度看金庸笔下的人物绰号). Northern Literature. Vol. 65 No. 8, pp. 104, 125.
Zhang, Lei. 2013. A Cognitive Analysis of Metaphors in Lu Xun’s Na Han - A Case Study of Animal Metaphors. Master of Arts (English Language and Literature). Northeast Forestry University.
Kandaporn Jaroenkitboworn กานดาภร เจริญกิตบวร. 2012. Phuying kab wubbarak sat: mummong chak neowkhit kan wikhro wattakam tam withi kan patisamphan ผู้หญิงกับอุปลักษณ์สัตว์: มุมมองจากแนวคิดการวิเคราะห์วาทกรรมตามวิธีการปฏิสัมพันธ์ [Women and Animal Metaphors: A Perspective from Interactional Approach to Discourse]. Warasarn Pasa Lae Parasat วารสารภาษาและภาษาศาสตร์ [Journal of Language and Linguistics] 31: 44-59.
Charatchai Chiewyudt จรัสชัย เชี่ยวยุทธ. 2010. Songgang wiraburut khao liangsan loem 1-4 ซ้องกั๋ง วีรบุรุษเขาเหลียงซาน เล่ม 1-4 [Water Margin, Vol. 1-4]. Bangkok: Saengdao.
Thiwaporn Meechin ทิวาภรณ์ มีชิน. 2000. “khunkha thang satitpanya nai songgang” คุณค่าทางสติปัญญาในซ้องกั๋ง [The intellectual value of the intellectual in the Water Margin]. Master thesis, Naresuan University.
ภาษาอังกฤษ
Cao, Lei. 2014. A Study of Animal Metaphor in Aesop’s Fables from the Perspective of Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Master of Arts (Foreign Language and Literature). China University of Geosciences (Beijing).
Cao, Yujiao. 2015. A Study of the Russian Translation of Conceptual Metaphors in “Shui Hu Zhuan”. Master of Arts (Russian Language and Literature). Sichuan International Studies University.
Dai, Yujia. 2013. Research in Idioms Containing “Dragon” Morpheme. Master of Arts (Chinese Language and Literature). Inner Mongolia University.
Dong, Chaochao. 2016. A Contrastive Study of Nickname Translation in ‘Shui Hu Zhuan’ from the Perspective of Conceptual Integration Theory. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Qingdao University of Science and Technology.
Fernández Fontecha, A. & R.M. Jiménez Catalán. 2003. Semantic Derogation in Animal Metaphor: a Contrastive Cognitive Analysis of Male/Female Examples in English and Spanish. Journal of Pragmatics 35: 771-797.
Gao, Lei. 2012. Animal Metaphor Chinese Zodiacs Sayings. Master of Arts (Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Qufu Normal University.
He, Ting. 2015. A Metaphorical Study of Animal Proverbs in English. Master of Arts (Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Shanghai Normal University.
He, Yanhong. 2012. A Study on English Cattle and Chinese Niu: Metaphorical and Cognitive Perspectives. Master of Arts (English Language and Literature). Fujian Normal University.
Holmes, J. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London : Longman.
Kövecses, Zoltan. 2002. Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. USA: Oxford University Press.
Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. 1980. Metaphor We Live By. USA Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. and M. Turner. 1989. More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor. Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
Lei, Zhenming. 2010. A Tentative Study of English Animal Metaphor: Cognitive Perspectives. Master of Arts (English Language and Literature). Sichuan International Studies University.
Li, Jing. 2010. Nicknames Study on Outlaws of the Marsh. Master of Arts (Chinese Language and Literature). Shandong University.
Li, Qing. 2013. Analysis of Nickname Translation in Shapiro’s Outlaws of the Marsh from the Perspective of Idealised Cognitive Models. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). General South University.
Li, Zi. 2010. Animal Metaphor in Idioms: A Dictionary - Based Contrastive Study between English and Chinese from the Cognitive Perspective. Master of Arts (Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Guangxi Normal University.
Liu, Yanjuan. 2010.The Cultural Meanings of Chicken in Socioculture of Russian and Chinese. Master of Arts (Russian Language and Literature). Sichuang Foreigner Language University.
Liu, Ting. 2011. Translating the Animal Metaphor within the Framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory: A Case Study of ‘Shui Hu Zhuan’. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Lanzhou University.
Lu, Xin. 2014. A Comparative Study of Snake Metaphors in Chinese and English: A Cognitive Study Approach. Master of Arts (Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Nanjing Normal University.
Liu, Yingying. 2013. A Cognitive Study of “Wolf” Metaphor in the Novel Langtuteng. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Dongbei Normal University.
López Rodríguez, I. 2007. The Representation of Women in Teenage and Women’s Magazines: Recurring Metaphors in English. Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense 15: 15- 42.
MacArthur, F. 2005. The Competent Horseman in a Horseless World: Observations on a Conventional Metaphor in Spanish and English. Metaphor and Symbol 20: 71-94.
Mo, Jiao. 2012. Modern Chinese Words and Phrases Research on Animal Metaphors. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Dongbei Normal University.
Peng, Lu. 2012. A Contrastive Study of Nicknames Translation in ‘Shui Hu Zhuan’ from the Perspective of Cognitive Linguistics. Master of Arts (English Language and Literature). Hubei University.
Rodríguez. I. L. 2009. Of Women, Bitches, Chickens and Vixens: Animal Metaphors for Women in English and Spanish. Cultural Studies Journal of University JUNE 1 Vol. 2009, pp. 77-100.
Shi, Nai’an. 2014. Water Margin (水浒传). Beijing: Beijing Union Publishing Company.
Shu, Dingfang. 2009. A Cognitive Study of Nicknames of the 108 Heroes in the Outlaws of the Marsh. The Journal of Foreign Languages Research Vol. 25 No. 2, pp. 29-32.
Shen, Xiaofeng. 2013. A Pragmatic Study of Nicknames in "Outlaws of the Marsh" (《水浒传》人物绰号的语用学研究). Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Qufu Normal University.
Song, Yanhua. 2009. A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese Animal Metaphor: A Cognitive and Cultural Perspective. Master of Arts (Foreign Language and Literature). Shandong Normal University.
Tang, Suyue. 2012. Analysis of Comparison between Animal Words in Chinese and Thai. Master of Arts (Teaching Chinese as a Foreigner Language). Xiamen University.
The Editorial Board for Idioms Dictionary (《成语大词典》编委会). 2016. Idioms Dictionary (the latest revised edition of color vision)《成语大词典（最新修订版·彩色本）》. Beijing: Commerical Press.
The Institute of Linguistics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (中国社会科学院语⾔研究所词典编辑室). 2016. The Contemporary of Chinese Dictionary (现代汉语词典 (第 7 版)). Beijng: The Commercial Press.
Wang, Hongmei. 2015. A Conceptual Metaphor Study of Nicknames in “Water Margin” (《水浒传》人物绰号的概念隐喻研究). Journal of Hubei University of Economics (Humanities and Social Sciences). Vol. 12 No. 12, pp. 107-108.
Wang, Jian. and Shuai, Weiwei. 2010. A Cognitive Metaphor Study of Nicknames of NBA Football Players (NBA 球员绰号的认知隐喻学分析). Anhui Literature. Vol. 60 No. 6, pp. 249, 255.
Wang, Qing. 2008. The Exploration of the Cognition and Application of the Animal Metaphor. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Shanghai Jiaotong University.
Wu, Wenhong. 2005. The Symbolic Meaning of Animal in Chinese and Russian Culture. Journal of Hebei Software Institute Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 27-29.
Xin, Dan. 2006. A Contrastive Analysis of Semantic Derogation in English and Chinese Animal Metaphor: A Cognitive Approach. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Dongbei Normal University.
Yang, Zhanjiang. 2008. A Study of Shapiro’s Translation of the Characters’ Nicknames. Master of Arts (English Language and Literature). Hunan Normal University.
Zeng, Yue. 2014. On the Translation of Cultural Images of Characters’ Nicknames in Jin Yong's Novels - Based on Examples from “Book and Sword: Gratitude and Revenge” and “The Deer and the Cauldron”. Master of Arts (Master of Interpreting and Translation). Fujian Normal University.
Zhao, Qian. 2010. Human Beings Animal and Metaphor - A Shallow Research on the Metaphor “HUMAN BEINGS ARE ANIMALS” from Chinese and English Idioms. Master of Arts (Linguistics and Applied Linguistics). Northwest University.
Zhang, Huiyuan. and Yang, Shichao. 2013. Contrastive Study of Metaphors of Weapon Names (Especially the Nicknames) in Chinese - America Military Vocabulary. The Journal of Foreign Languages Research Vol. 29 No. 7, pp. 377, 384.
Zhang, Jingyi. 2015. Characters’ Nicknames in Jin Yong’s Compositions from the Perspective of Cognitive Linguistics. (从认知角度看金庸笔下的人物绰号). Northern Literature. Vol. 65 No. 8, pp. 104, 125.
Zhang, Lei. 2013. A Cognitive Analysis of Metaphors in Lu Xun’s Na Han - A Case Study of Animal Metaphors. Master of Arts (English Language and Literature). Northeast Forestry University.
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2018-01-30
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Siqi, Y. (2018). Conceptual Metaphor “HUMAN BEINGS ARE ANIMALS”: A Case Study of Nicknames in Chinese Literature of “Water Margin”. Journal of Letters, 46(2), 1–43. Retrieved from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jletters/article/view/110547
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