A Structural Equation Model of Human Resource Management Influences on Employee Performances
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Published:
Jul 15, 2020
Keywords:
Human resource management Knowledge sharing Employee loyalty Employee performances Structural equation model
Main Article Content
Abstract
The objective of this research is to study the causal relationship and the structural equation model (SEM) of human resource management influences on employee performances. The six latent variables are employee relationship management, employee development, employee compensation, employee loyalty, knowledge sharing and employee performance. Empirical data were obtained from a sample of manager and non-manager employees of 220 companies. The analysis performed by using the LISREL software indicates that the proposed model confirms the hypotheses and satisfies the goodness-of-fit criteria. Results also indicate that employee performance is directly and indirectly influenced by employee loyalty and knowledge sharing. In addition, employee relationship management and employee compensation and reward have indirect influences through employee loyalty and knowledge sharing. Meanwhile, employee development has indirect influence on employee performances through knowledge sharing.
Article Details
How to Cite
โกฏิกุล เ. (2020). A Structural Equation Model of Human Resource Management Influences on Employee Performances. Journal of HR Intelligence, 15(1), 77–100. Retrieved from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/hri/article/view/193962
Section
Research Articles
ขอมอบลิขสิทธิ์บทความที่ได้รับการตีพิมพ์ให้แก่สถาบันเสริมศึกษาและทรัพยากรมนุษย์ กรณีมีการฟ้องร้องเรื่องการละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์เกี่ยวกับภาพ กราฟ ข้อความส่วนใดส่วนหนึ่ง และ/หรือข้อคิดเห็นที่ปรากฎในบทความ ให้เป็นความรับผิดชอบของข้าพเจ้าและผู้เขียนร่วมแต่เพียงผู้เดียว
References
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Institute of Information Technology. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228497914
Aityan, S., & Gupta, T. (2012). Challenges of employee loyalty in corporate America. Business and Economics Journal, 2012(55), 1-13.
Aksoy, Y., Ayranci, E., & Gozukara, E. (2016). A research on the relationship between knowledge sharing and employee performance: The moderating role of unethical
behaviors in organizational level. European Scientific Journal, 12(4), 335-352. doi: 10.19044/esj.2016.v12n4p335
Alhanshi, M., & Albraiki, H. (2015). Knowledge sharing and employee development in oil and gas companies in the United Arab Emirates. Paper presented at the
international conference on knowledge management in organizations.
Antonova, E. (2016). Occupational stress, job satisfaction,and employee loyalty in hospitality industry: A comparative case study of two hotels in Russia. (Master of
Sciencein), Modul Vienna University, Faculty of International Tourism.
Armstrong, M., & Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice (13th ed.). London: Kogan Page Limited
Awasthi, S., & Sharma, R. C. (2016). Employee development through competency mapping: A way ahead for organizational growth. International Journal in Management
and Social Science, 4(6), 260-270.
Bambale, A. J., Kassim, S. I., & Musa, L. (2016). Effect of emotional leadership on employee performance among staff of tertiary institutions in Gombe. Journal of
Resources Development and Management, 19(2016), 23-30.
Bergeron, B. (2003). Essentials of knowledge management. NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Bixler, C. H. (2002). Applying the four pillars of knowledge management. Km World, 11(1), 10-20.
Bloemer, J., & Odekerken-Schroder, G. (2006). The role of employee relationship proneness in creating employee loyalty. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 24(4),
252-264. doi:10.1108/02652320610671342
Buttle, F. (2009). Customer relationship management: Concepts and technology (2nd ed.). London: Elsevier Ltd.
Chang, W.-J., Liao, S.-H., Lee, Y.-J., & Lo, W.-P. (2015). Organizational commitment, knowledge sharing and organizational citizenship behaviour: The case of the
Taiwanese semiconductor industry. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 13(3), 299-310.
Chen, Z. X., Tsui, A. S., & Farh, J. L. (2002). Loyalty to supervisor vs. organizational commitment: Relationships to employee performance in China. Journal of occupational
and organizational psychology, 75(3), 339-356.
Chinomona, R., & Sandada, M. (2013). Shared goal, communication and absence of damaging conflicts as antecedents of employee relationship strength at Institutions of
higher learning in South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(3), 137. doi:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n3p137
Chumg, H.-F., Seaton, J., Cooke, L., & Ding, W.-Y. (2016). Factors affecting employees' knowledge-sharing behaviour in the virtual organisation from the perspectives of
well-being and organisational behaviour. Computers in Human Behavior, 64(2016), 432-448.
Davis-Blake, A., Broschak, J. P., & George, E. (2003). Happy together? How using nonstandard workers affects exit, voice, and loyalty among standard employees.
Academy of Management journal, 46(4), 475-485.
Elegido, J. M. (2013). Does it make sense to be a loyal employee. Journal of Business Ethics, 116(3), 495-511. doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1482-4
Fareed, Z., UlAbidan, Z., Shahzad, F., & Umm-e-Amen, L. R. (2013). The impact of rewards on employee's job performance and job satisfaction. Management and
Administrative Sciences Review, 2(5), 431-442.
Grosse-Heidermann, J. (2016). Success factors of knowledge sharing for a social collaboration platform: An empirical investigation in the specialty chemical industry.
(Master of Management and Social sciences), The Faculty of Behavioural, University of Twente.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). NJ: Pearson Education.
Hakala, D. (2018). 16 Ways to measure employee performance. Retrieved from https://hrworld. com/features/16-ways-measure-performance-021908.
Hills, A. M. (2008). Foolproof guide to statistics using SPSS. New South Wales: Pearson Education.
Harrison, R. (2009). Learning and development. London: CIPD.
Hatane, S. E. (2015). Employee satisfaction and performance as intervening variables of learning organization on financial performance. Social and Behavioral Sciences
211(2015), 619-628. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.081
Herington, C., Johnson, L. W., & Scott, D. (2009). Firm-employee relationship strength- A conceptual model. Journal of Business Research, 62(11), 1096-1107.
doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.06.019
Holtzhausen, L., & Fourie, L. (2009). Employees' perceptions of company values and objectives and employer-employee relationships: A theoretical model. Corporate
Communications: An International Journal, 14(3), 333-344.
Huang, Y.-H. (1997). Public relations strategies, relational outcomes, and conflict management strategies. (Doctor of Philosophy), College Park, University of Maryland.
Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/304372602?accountid=44783 ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database.
Ibrar, M., & Khan, O. (2015). The impact of reward on employee performance (a case study of Malakand Private School). International Letters of Social and Humanistic
Sciences, 52(2015), 95-103. doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.52.95
Lin, H.-F. (2007). Effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on employee knowledge sharing intentions. Journal of information science, 33(2), 135-149.
doi:10.1177/0165551506068174
Ince, H., & Cemberci, M. (2011). The effect of inter firm knowledge sharing on supply chain and firm performance: A conceptual model proposal. Journal of Global Strategic
Management, 5(1), 50-61. doi:10.20460/JGSM.2011515812
Ineson, E. M., Benke, E., & Laszlo, J. (2013). Employee loyalty in Hungarian hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32(2013), 31-39.
doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.04.001
Iqbal, A., Tufail, M. S., & Lodhi, R. N. (2015). Employee loyalty and organizational commitment in Pakistani organizations. Global Journal of Human Resource Management,
3(1), 1-11.
Kantabutra, S., & Avery, G. C. (2009). Shared vision in customer and staff satisfaction: Relationships and their consequences. Journal of Applied Business Research, 25(4),
9.
Kim, H.-S. (2007). A multilevel study of antecedents and a mediator of employee-organization relationships. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19(2), 167-197.
doi:10.1080/10627260701290695
Kumar, D., & Shekhar, N. (2012). Perspectives envisaging employee loyalty: A case analysis. Journal of Management Research, 12(2), 100-112.
Kuzu, O. H., & Ozilhan, D. (2014). The effect of employee relationships and knowledge sharing on employees’ performance: An empirical research on service industry.
Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109(2014), 1370-1374. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.639
Lee, C. H., & Bruvold, N. T. (2003). Creating value for employees: Investment in employee development. The International Journal of Human Resource Management,
14(6), 981-1000. doi:10.1080/0958519032000106173
Lertchai Suthammanon (2017). Strategic human resource management for organizational sustainability. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
Liao, S.-H., Chang, J.-C., Cheng, S.-C., & Kuo, C.-M. (2004). Employee relationship and knowledge sharing: A case study of a Taiwanese finance and securities firm.
Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 2(1), 24-34. doi:10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500016
Manurung, S. P. (2017). The effect of direct and indirect compensation to employee's loyalty case study at directorate of human resources in PT POS Indonesia. Journal of
Indonesian Applied Economics, 6(1), 84-102.
Mathis, R. L., & Jackson, J. H. (2010). Human resource management (13th ed.). London: South-Western College Pub.
Mondy, R. W. D., & Martocchio, J. J. (2016). Human resource management (14th Ed.). London: Pearson.
Nippa, M. & Hornung, T. (2014). Is employee loyalty research living in the shadows? Consolidating findings into a future research agenda. (July 9, 2014). Retrieved from
https://ssrn.com/abstract=2509763
O'Dell, C., & Hubert, C. (2011). The new edge in knowledge: How knowledge management is changing the way we do business. NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Omar, M. W., Jusoff, K., & Hussin, H. (2010). Employee motivation and its impact on employee loyalty. World Applied Sciences Journal, 8(7), 871-873.
Ong, D., Ong, V., Zhang, L. H., Huey, P. S., & Hie, T. S. (2014). Expressions of fresh graduates: employee loyalty in Malaysia. World Journal of Management, 5(2), 92-106.
Osibanjo, A. O., Adeniji, A. A., Falola, H. O., & Heirsmac, P. T. (2014). Compensation packages: A strategic tool for employees' performance and retention. Leonardo
Journal of Sciences, 2014(25), 65-84.
Rahman, M. S., & Taniya, R. K. (2017). Effect of employee relationship management (ERM) on employee performance: A study on private commercial banks in Bangladesh.
Human Resource Management Research, 7(2), 90-96. doi:10.5923/j.hrmr.20170702.03
Rajneesh, & Kaur, K. (2014). Knowledge management and firm performance: A descriptive study. International Journal, 2(4), 196-204.
Rajput, S., Singhal, M., & Tiwari, S. (2016). Job satisfaction and employee loyalty: A study of academicians. Asian J. Management, 7(2), 159-163.
Reychav, I., & Weisberg, J. (2009). Good for workers, good for companies: How knowledge sharing benefits individual employees. Knowledge and process management,
16(4), 186-197. doi:10.1002/kpm.335
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714 . doi:10.1037//0021-
9010.87.4.698
Rungradit Kongyoungyune (2017). Learning organization, organizational climate, organizational citizenship behavior and knowledge sharing of subunits within technical
department Thai Airways Public Company Limited. Journal of the Association of Researchers, 22(1), 150-162.
Saghier, N. E., Wahba, L., & Aziz, R. A. (2015). The effect of human resources management practces on employees’ loyalty. Internatonal Journal of Humanites Social
Sciences and Educaton, 2(4), 66-75.
Sajeva, S. (2014). Encouraging knowledge sharing among employees: How reward matters. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014(156), 130-134.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.134
Savolainen, R. (2017). Information sharing and knowledge sharing as communicative activities. Information Research, 22(3), 121-140.
Shafieiyoun, S., & Safaei, A. (2013). Enhancing knowledge sharing among higher education students through digital game. Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics
and Information Technology, 3(3), 1-20.
Singh, P. (2014). An empirical study on organisational learning with reference to employee development in best practice organisation of manufacturing industries, Gujarat.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Business Management, 2(1), 1-27.
Suttipong Kiartivich (2019). Developing a causal relationship model of managerial coaching influencing employee performance: The mediating roles of leadershipmember-
exchange, employee engagement and job satisfaction on employee performance. VeridianE-Journal, Silpakorn University, 12(2), 152-168.
Thao, L. T. T., & Hwang, C.-S. J. (2015). Factors affecting employee performance-evidence from petrovietnam engineering consultancy JSC. Meiho University.
Theriou, N., Maditinos, D., & Theriou, G. (2011). Knowledge management enabler factors and firm performance: An empirical research of the Greek medium and large
firms. European Research Studies, 14(2), 97.
Titang, F. F. (2013). The impact of internal communication on employee performance in an organization. University of Bamenda, Technical Training College.
United States Office of Personnel Management. (2017). A handbook for measuring employee performance, Washington, D.C: Employee Service
Wargborn, C. (2008). Managing motivation in organizations. Why employee relationship management matters. (Master of International Management), ISCTE Business
School, University Institute of Lisbon.
Wang, S., & Noe, R. A. (2010). Knowledge sharing: A review and directions for future research. Human Resource Management Review, 20 (2), 115–131.
doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.10.001
Wantana Tiwakalin & SomChai Lertpiromsuk (2015). A relationship between human resource management and performance and employee loyalty at Deestone Company
Limited Samut Sakhon. KKU Research Journal HS (GS), 3(1), 68-81.
Yongcai, Y. (2010, 7-9 May 2010). Employee relationship management of small and medium-sized enterprises. Paper presented at the 2010 international conference on E-
Business and E-Government.
Institute of Information Technology. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228497914
Aityan, S., & Gupta, T. (2012). Challenges of employee loyalty in corporate America. Business and Economics Journal, 2012(55), 1-13.
Aksoy, Y., Ayranci, E., & Gozukara, E. (2016). A research on the relationship between knowledge sharing and employee performance: The moderating role of unethical
behaviors in organizational level. European Scientific Journal, 12(4), 335-352. doi: 10.19044/esj.2016.v12n4p335
Alhanshi, M., & Albraiki, H. (2015). Knowledge sharing and employee development in oil and gas companies in the United Arab Emirates. Paper presented at the
international conference on knowledge management in organizations.
Antonova, E. (2016). Occupational stress, job satisfaction,and employee loyalty in hospitality industry: A comparative case study of two hotels in Russia. (Master of
Sciencein), Modul Vienna University, Faculty of International Tourism.
Armstrong, M., & Taylor, S. (2014). Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice (13th ed.). London: Kogan Page Limited
Awasthi, S., & Sharma, R. C. (2016). Employee development through competency mapping: A way ahead for organizational growth. International Journal in Management
and Social Science, 4(6), 260-270.
Bambale, A. J., Kassim, S. I., & Musa, L. (2016). Effect of emotional leadership on employee performance among staff of tertiary institutions in Gombe. Journal of
Resources Development and Management, 19(2016), 23-30.
Bergeron, B. (2003). Essentials of knowledge management. NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Bixler, C. H. (2002). Applying the four pillars of knowledge management. Km World, 11(1), 10-20.
Bloemer, J., & Odekerken-Schroder, G. (2006). The role of employee relationship proneness in creating employee loyalty. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 24(4),
252-264. doi:10.1108/02652320610671342
Buttle, F. (2009). Customer relationship management: Concepts and technology (2nd ed.). London: Elsevier Ltd.
Chang, W.-J., Liao, S.-H., Lee, Y.-J., & Lo, W.-P. (2015). Organizational commitment, knowledge sharing and organizational citizenship behaviour: The case of the
Taiwanese semiconductor industry. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 13(3), 299-310.
Chen, Z. X., Tsui, A. S., & Farh, J. L. (2002). Loyalty to supervisor vs. organizational commitment: Relationships to employee performance in China. Journal of occupational
and organizational psychology, 75(3), 339-356.
Chinomona, R., & Sandada, M. (2013). Shared goal, communication and absence of damaging conflicts as antecedents of employee relationship strength at Institutions of
higher learning in South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(3), 137. doi:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n3p137
Chumg, H.-F., Seaton, J., Cooke, L., & Ding, W.-Y. (2016). Factors affecting employees' knowledge-sharing behaviour in the virtual organisation from the perspectives of
well-being and organisational behaviour. Computers in Human Behavior, 64(2016), 432-448.
Davis-Blake, A., Broschak, J. P., & George, E. (2003). Happy together? How using nonstandard workers affects exit, voice, and loyalty among standard employees.
Academy of Management journal, 46(4), 475-485.
Elegido, J. M. (2013). Does it make sense to be a loyal employee. Journal of Business Ethics, 116(3), 495-511. doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1482-4
Fareed, Z., UlAbidan, Z., Shahzad, F., & Umm-e-Amen, L. R. (2013). The impact of rewards on employee's job performance and job satisfaction. Management and
Administrative Sciences Review, 2(5), 431-442.
Grosse-Heidermann, J. (2016). Success factors of knowledge sharing for a social collaboration platform: An empirical investigation in the specialty chemical industry.
(Master of Management and Social sciences), The Faculty of Behavioural, University of Twente.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). NJ: Pearson Education.
Hakala, D. (2018). 16 Ways to measure employee performance. Retrieved from https://hrworld. com/features/16-ways-measure-performance-021908.
Hills, A. M. (2008). Foolproof guide to statistics using SPSS. New South Wales: Pearson Education.
Harrison, R. (2009). Learning and development. London: CIPD.
Hatane, S. E. (2015). Employee satisfaction and performance as intervening variables of learning organization on financial performance. Social and Behavioral Sciences
211(2015), 619-628. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.081
Herington, C., Johnson, L. W., & Scott, D. (2009). Firm-employee relationship strength- A conceptual model. Journal of Business Research, 62(11), 1096-1107.
doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2008.06.019
Holtzhausen, L., & Fourie, L. (2009). Employees' perceptions of company values and objectives and employer-employee relationships: A theoretical model. Corporate
Communications: An International Journal, 14(3), 333-344.
Huang, Y.-H. (1997). Public relations strategies, relational outcomes, and conflict management strategies. (Doctor of Philosophy), College Park, University of Maryland.
Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/304372602?accountid=44783 ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global database.
Ibrar, M., & Khan, O. (2015). The impact of reward on employee performance (a case study of Malakand Private School). International Letters of Social and Humanistic
Sciences, 52(2015), 95-103. doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.52.95
Lin, H.-F. (2007). Effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on employee knowledge sharing intentions. Journal of information science, 33(2), 135-149.
doi:10.1177/0165551506068174
Ince, H., & Cemberci, M. (2011). The effect of inter firm knowledge sharing on supply chain and firm performance: A conceptual model proposal. Journal of Global Strategic
Management, 5(1), 50-61. doi:10.20460/JGSM.2011515812
Ineson, E. M., Benke, E., & Laszlo, J. (2013). Employee loyalty in Hungarian hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 32(2013), 31-39.
doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2012.04.001
Iqbal, A., Tufail, M. S., & Lodhi, R. N. (2015). Employee loyalty and organizational commitment in Pakistani organizations. Global Journal of Human Resource Management,
3(1), 1-11.
Kantabutra, S., & Avery, G. C. (2009). Shared vision in customer and staff satisfaction: Relationships and their consequences. Journal of Applied Business Research, 25(4),
9.
Kim, H.-S. (2007). A multilevel study of antecedents and a mediator of employee-organization relationships. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19(2), 167-197.
doi:10.1080/10627260701290695
Kumar, D., & Shekhar, N. (2012). Perspectives envisaging employee loyalty: A case analysis. Journal of Management Research, 12(2), 100-112.
Kuzu, O. H., & Ozilhan, D. (2014). The effect of employee relationships and knowledge sharing on employees’ performance: An empirical research on service industry.
Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 109(2014), 1370-1374. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.639
Lee, C. H., & Bruvold, N. T. (2003). Creating value for employees: Investment in employee development. The International Journal of Human Resource Management,
14(6), 981-1000. doi:10.1080/0958519032000106173
Lertchai Suthammanon (2017). Strategic human resource management for organizational sustainability. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
Liao, S.-H., Chang, J.-C., Cheng, S.-C., & Kuo, C.-M. (2004). Employee relationship and knowledge sharing: A case study of a Taiwanese finance and securities firm.
Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 2(1), 24-34. doi:10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500016
Manurung, S. P. (2017). The effect of direct and indirect compensation to employee's loyalty case study at directorate of human resources in PT POS Indonesia. Journal of
Indonesian Applied Economics, 6(1), 84-102.
Mathis, R. L., & Jackson, J. H. (2010). Human resource management (13th ed.). London: South-Western College Pub.
Mondy, R. W. D., & Martocchio, J. J. (2016). Human resource management (14th Ed.). London: Pearson.
Nippa, M. & Hornung, T. (2014). Is employee loyalty research living in the shadows? Consolidating findings into a future research agenda. (July 9, 2014). Retrieved from
https://ssrn.com/abstract=2509763
O'Dell, C., & Hubert, C. (2011). The new edge in knowledge: How knowledge management is changing the way we do business. NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Omar, M. W., Jusoff, K., & Hussin, H. (2010). Employee motivation and its impact on employee loyalty. World Applied Sciences Journal, 8(7), 871-873.
Ong, D., Ong, V., Zhang, L. H., Huey, P. S., & Hie, T. S. (2014). Expressions of fresh graduates: employee loyalty in Malaysia. World Journal of Management, 5(2), 92-106.
Osibanjo, A. O., Adeniji, A. A., Falola, H. O., & Heirsmac, P. T. (2014). Compensation packages: A strategic tool for employees' performance and retention. Leonardo
Journal of Sciences, 2014(25), 65-84.
Rahman, M. S., & Taniya, R. K. (2017). Effect of employee relationship management (ERM) on employee performance: A study on private commercial banks in Bangladesh.
Human Resource Management Research, 7(2), 90-96. doi:10.5923/j.hrmr.20170702.03
Rajneesh, & Kaur, K. (2014). Knowledge management and firm performance: A descriptive study. International Journal, 2(4), 196-204.
Rajput, S., Singhal, M., & Tiwari, S. (2016). Job satisfaction and employee loyalty: A study of academicians. Asian J. Management, 7(2), 159-163.
Reychav, I., & Weisberg, J. (2009). Good for workers, good for companies: How knowledge sharing benefits individual employees. Knowledge and process management,
16(4), 186-197. doi:10.1002/kpm.335
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698–714 . doi:10.1037//0021-
9010.87.4.698
Rungradit Kongyoungyune (2017). Learning organization, organizational climate, organizational citizenship behavior and knowledge sharing of subunits within technical
department Thai Airways Public Company Limited. Journal of the Association of Researchers, 22(1), 150-162.
Saghier, N. E., Wahba, L., & Aziz, R. A. (2015). The effect of human resources management practces on employees’ loyalty. Internatonal Journal of Humanites Social
Sciences and Educaton, 2(4), 66-75.
Sajeva, S. (2014). Encouraging knowledge sharing among employees: How reward matters. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014(156), 130-134.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.11.134
Savolainen, R. (2017). Information sharing and knowledge sharing as communicative activities. Information Research, 22(3), 121-140.
Shafieiyoun, S., & Safaei, A. (2013). Enhancing knowledge sharing among higher education students through digital game. Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics
and Information Technology, 3(3), 1-20.
Singh, P. (2014). An empirical study on organisational learning with reference to employee development in best practice organisation of manufacturing industries, Gujarat.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Business Management, 2(1), 1-27.
Suttipong Kiartivich (2019). Developing a causal relationship model of managerial coaching influencing employee performance: The mediating roles of leadershipmember-
exchange, employee engagement and job satisfaction on employee performance. VeridianE-Journal, Silpakorn University, 12(2), 152-168.
Thao, L. T. T., & Hwang, C.-S. J. (2015). Factors affecting employee performance-evidence from petrovietnam engineering consultancy JSC. Meiho University.
Theriou, N., Maditinos, D., & Theriou, G. (2011). Knowledge management enabler factors and firm performance: An empirical research of the Greek medium and large
firms. European Research Studies, 14(2), 97.
Titang, F. F. (2013). The impact of internal communication on employee performance in an organization. University of Bamenda, Technical Training College.
United States Office of Personnel Management. (2017). A handbook for measuring employee performance, Washington, D.C: Employee Service
Wargborn, C. (2008). Managing motivation in organizations. Why employee relationship management matters. (Master of International Management), ISCTE Business
School, University Institute of Lisbon.
Wang, S., & Noe, R. A. (2010). Knowledge sharing: A review and directions for future research. Human Resource Management Review, 20 (2), 115–131.
doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.10.001
Wantana Tiwakalin & SomChai Lertpiromsuk (2015). A relationship between human resource management and performance and employee loyalty at Deestone Company
Limited Samut Sakhon. KKU Research Journal HS (GS), 3(1), 68-81.
Yongcai, Y. (2010, 7-9 May 2010). Employee relationship management of small and medium-sized enterprises. Paper presented at the 2010 international conference on E-
Business and E-Government.