Individuals with Disabilities in Japan
Keywords:
Japan, disabilities, independent living, education, employment, attitude toward disabilitiesAbstract
This article reports a brief history of the field of disabilities in Japan as well as support and services for people with disabilities. It also lists organizations and individuals who have made the changes in support and services for people with disabilities. Current Japanese laws regarding support and services for people with disabilities are summarized. The author discusses current situations of individuals with disabilities in the aspects of independent living, education, employment, and attitude toward disabilities. This article concludes with the future trends in the area of support and services for people with disabilities.
References
ภาษาไทย
Yuwadee Viriyangkura and Kullaya Kosuwan ยุวดี วิริยางกูร และกุลยา ก่อสุวรรณ. 2015. Jak “sing cham rood” soo karn riak rong saksi lae koonka kong poo bok prong: moom mong mai nai satawad ti 21 จาก “สิ่งชำรุด” สู่การเรียกร้องศักดิ์ศรีและคุณค่าของผู้บกพร่อง: มุมมองใหม่ในศตวรรษที่ 21 [From Disabilities to Self-Advocacy and Dignity: The 21st Century Point of View]. Warasarn Sikkhana วารสารสิกขณา [Sikkhana Journal] 3(3): 1-23.
ภาษาอังกฤษ
Kosuwan, K., Viriyangkura, Y., & Swerdlik, M. E. 2014. Special Education Today in Thailand. Advances in Special Education 28(1): 689-721.
Kudo, Tadashi. 2010. Japan's Employment Rate of Persons with Disabilities and Outcome of Employment Quota System. Japan Labor Review 7(2): 5-25.
Nirje, Bengt. 1969. The Normalization Principle and Its Human Management Implications. In Changing Patterns in Residential Services for the Mentally Retarded, eds. Robert Kugel and Wolf Wolfensberger, 179-195. Washington: President’s Committee on Mental Retardation.
Scheerenberger, R. C. 1983. A History of Mental Retardation. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
Test, D., Aspel, N. P., & Everson, J. M. 2006. Transition Methods for Youth with Disabilities. Upper Saddle River: Pearson.
Uchida, W., Hashimoto, K., & Lutz, R. 2005. Examination of the Hierarchical Self-Esteem Model in Adults with Physical Disability. Perceptual and Motor Skills 3(2): 1161-1170.
Viriyangkura, Yuwadee. 2014. “Understanding the Support Needs of People with Intellectual and Related Developmental Disabilities through Cluster Analysis and Factor Analysis of Statewide Data.” Doctoral dissertation, Illinois State University, Normal.
ออนไลน์
Adams, Rachel. August 31, 2016. Why Has Japan’s Massacre of Disabled People Gone Unnoticed? www.independent.co.uk/voices/japan-disability-rights-massacre-tsukui-yamayuriena-gone-unnoticed-a7217661.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Amano, Aya. November 4, 2016. Father Struggles with Daughter's Death in Slayings in Sagamihara. www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201611040081.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Atomic Bomb Museum. 2006. The Survivors. http://atomicbombmuseum.org/4_survivors.shtml, accessed February 21, 2018.
Atomic Heritage Foundation. 2014. Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. www.atomicheritage.org/history/bombings-hiroshima-and-nagasaki-1945, accessed February 21, 2018.
Biography. 2016. Helen Keller: Activist, Educator, Journalist (1880-1968). www.biography.com/people/helen-keller-9361967, accessed February 21, 2018.
Brasor, Philip. April 16, 2016. Accommodating Disabilities, But Only Within Reason. www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/04/16/national/media-national/accommodating-disabilities-within-reason/#.WPzoGVJ7H2I, accessed February 21, 2018.
Carrigan, Liam. 2015. The Joy of Teaching Special Needs Classes in Japan. https://blog.gaijinpot.com/special-needs-classes-in-japan/, accessed February 21, 2018.
Center for Research on Women with Disabilities. 2016. Using the Results of CROWD’s Research. www.bcm.edu/research/centers/research-on-women-with-disabilities, accessed February 21, 2018.
Chuo University. 2017. Disability Support Services. http://global.chuo-u.ac.jp/english/services/guidelines, accessed February 21, 2018.
Cooper, Martyn. February 24, 2015. Disabled Students in Japanese Higher Education – A Time for Change. https://martyncooper.wordpress.com/2015/02/24/disabled-students-in-japanese-higher-education, accessed February 21, 2018.
Disability Information Resources. 2015a. The 30 Selected Japanese Laws Related to Persons with Disabilities. www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/law/japan/30select.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Disability Information Resources. 2015b. Japanese Organizations and Groups to Promote Full Participation of People with Disabilities No. 2. www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/asia/organization/jsrd/z00004/z0000402.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Disability Information Resources. 1997. Disability Movement: Trends in Major Disability Specific Organizations. www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/resource/z00009/z0000903.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Findlay, Carly. August 2, 2016. Why Did the Mass Murder of 19 Disabled People in Japan Barely Rate? www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/news-and-views/opinion/why-did-the-mass-murder-of-19-disabled-people-in-japan-barely-rate-20160801-gqiphz.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Fries, Kenny. 2017. ‘Otherness’ in Japan: Views of Disability and Difference. www.cies.org/article/‘otherness’-japan-views-disability-and-difference, accessed February 21, 2018.
Illinois Department of Human Services. 2017. Rehabilitation Services. www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=29764&postdate=4/21/2016&approval=4&newsitemid=84347&getpreviousnews=false&newssidebar=29764, accessed February 21, 2018.
Japan Times. January 13, 2013. Hiring More Disabled Workers. www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2013/01/13/editorials/hiring-more-disabled-workers/#.WQIXUFJ7H2I, accessed February 21, 2018.
JDF. 2017. About JDF. www.normanet.ne.jp/~jdf/en/about.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
JSRPD. 2017. Outline & History. www.jsrpd.jp/static/english/out.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Kato, Masae. 2009. Women's Rights? The Politics of Eugenic Abortion in Modern Japan. Netherland: Amsterdam University.
Kawano, Kirsty. 2016. Special Needs Education in Japan: Support & Information Resources. https://savvytokyo.com/special-needs-education-japan/, accessed February 21, 2018.
Krings, Mike. February 11, 2015. It's Time to End Segregation of Special Education Students, Professors Say. https://phys.org/news/2015-02-segregation-special-students-professors.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Kyodo. August 15, 2016. Fresh Arrest Warrant Served on Suspect in Sagamihara Rampage. www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/08/15/national/crime-legal/fresh-arrest-warrant-served-suspect-sagamihara-rampage/#.WPToOlJ7FME, accessed February 21, 2018.
Maeda, J. & Kuniyoshi, M. August 2, 2016. Brother of Stabbing Spree Victim: I Cannot Stop Weeping. www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201608020074.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Martell, Bess Connolly. 2015. In Conversation: Karen Nakamura on 25 Years of the Americans with Disabilities Act. http://ceas.yale.edu/news/conversation-karen-nakamura-25-years-americans-disabilities-act, accessed February 21, 2018.
Mayumi, Shirasawa. October 2, 2014. The Long Road to Disability Rights in Japan. www.nippon.com/en/currents/d00133, accessed February 21, 2018.
MHG. 2017. Musashino Higashi Gakuen School. www.musashino-higashi.org/english.htm, accessed February 21, 2018.
Mizumura, Hiroko. 2017. Barrier Free Law in Japan: How to Create Age-Friendly Cities and Communities. www.mhlw.go.jp/english/policy/affairs/asean/dl/12th_sum_01-11.pdf, accessed February 21, 2018.
Mogul, Priyanka. October 13, 2016. Uncovering the 'Culture of Shame' Surrounding Disability in Japan. http://the-ipf.com/2016/10/13/culture-shame-disability-japan, accessed February 21, 2018.
Mori, Y. & Sakamoto, N. 2017. Economic Consequences of Employment Quota System for Disabled People: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design in Japan. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158317300035, accessed February 21, 2018.
National Institute for Educational Policy Research. 2012. Special Needs Education in Japan. www.nier.go.jp/English/educationjapan/pdf/201209SEN.pdf, accessed February 21, 2018.
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. 2014. Social Security in Japan 2014: Chapter 8 Policy for People with Disabilities. www.ipss.go.jp/s-info/e/ssj2014/pdf/08_SSJ2014.pdf, accessed February 21, 2018.
Okuno, Eiko. 1998. Disability Statistics in Japan. www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/asia/resource/z00ap/003/z00ap00309.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Open University of Japan. 2015. OUJ International Symposium 2015: Impacts on ICT on Supporting Students with Disabilities in Higher Education. www.ouj.ac.jp/eng/sympo/2015/eng, accessed February 21, 2018.
Osaka University. 2017. Student Disability Services. www.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/guide/student/support_st/shien, accessed February 21, 2018.
Osaki, Tomohiro. March 24, 2016. Author, Disabilities Champion Hirotada Ototake Admits to Adulterous Affairs. www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/03/24/national/politics-diplomacy/ldp-lawmaker-disabilities-champion-admits-affair/#.WQOBRFJ7FnY, accessed February 21, 2018.
Otake, Tomoko. May 2, 2016. New Law Bans Bias Against People with Disabilities, But Shortcomings Exist, Say Experts. www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/05/02/reference/new-law-bans-bias-against-people-with-disabilities-but-shortcomings-exist-say-experts/#.WQSGc1J7FnY, accessed February 21, 2018.
Otake, Tomoko. August 27, 2006. Is ‘Disability’ Still a Dirty Word in Japan? www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2006/08/27/to-be-sorted/is-disability-still-a-dirty-word-in-japan/#.WPTOq1J7FME, accessed February 21, 2018.
Peckitt, Michael Gillan. 2016. Japanese Media Reports of Sagamihara Care Home Shootings Overlook the Disabled Victims. https://globalvoices.org/2017/03/06/japanese-media-reports-of-sagamihara-care-home-stabbings-overlook-the-disabled-victims/, accessed February 21, 2018.
Reuters. September 16, 2016. Japan Confronts Disability Stigma After Silence Over Murder Victims' Names. www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-disabled-idUSKCN11M0AM, accessed February 21, 2018.
Temple University. 2017. Disability Resources and Services (DRS). www.tuj.ac.jp/services/drs/index.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
UN. 2017. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights, accessed February 21, 2018.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2014. What Was the Holocaust? www.ushmm.org/learn/introduction-to-the-holocaust, accessed February 21, 2018.
Willitts, Philippa. July 29, 2016. Disability Hate Leads to Mass Murder in Japan. http://globalcomment.com/disability-hate-leads-to-mass-murder-in-japan, accessed February 21, 2018.
World Health Organization. 2011. Chapter 1 Understanding Disabilities. www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/chapter1.pdf?ua=1, accessed February 21, 2018.
Wolfensberger, Wolf. 1983. Social Role Valorization: A Proposed New Term for the Principle of Normalization. Mental Retardation 21: 234-239. doi: 10.1352/1934-9556-49.6.435
Yumiko, H. & Hiroki, S. 2017. Current Status and Issues of Autism Education in Japan. www.nise.go.jp/kenshuka/josa/kankobutsu/pub_d/d-292/d-292_14.pdf, accessed February 21, 2018.
Yuwadee Viriyangkura and Kullaya Kosuwan ยุวดี วิริยางกูร และกุลยา ก่อสุวรรณ. 2015. Jak “sing cham rood” soo karn riak rong saksi lae koonka kong poo bok prong: moom mong mai nai satawad ti 21 จาก “สิ่งชำรุด” สู่การเรียกร้องศักดิ์ศรีและคุณค่าของผู้บกพร่อง: มุมมองใหม่ในศตวรรษที่ 21 [From Disabilities to Self-Advocacy and Dignity: The 21st Century Point of View]. Warasarn Sikkhana วารสารสิกขณา [Sikkhana Journal] 3(3): 1-23.
ภาษาอังกฤษ
Kosuwan, K., Viriyangkura, Y., & Swerdlik, M. E. 2014. Special Education Today in Thailand. Advances in Special Education 28(1): 689-721.
Kudo, Tadashi. 2010. Japan's Employment Rate of Persons with Disabilities and Outcome of Employment Quota System. Japan Labor Review 7(2): 5-25.
Nirje, Bengt. 1969. The Normalization Principle and Its Human Management Implications. In Changing Patterns in Residential Services for the Mentally Retarded, eds. Robert Kugel and Wolf Wolfensberger, 179-195. Washington: President’s Committee on Mental Retardation.
Scheerenberger, R. C. 1983. A History of Mental Retardation. Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes.
Test, D., Aspel, N. P., & Everson, J. M. 2006. Transition Methods for Youth with Disabilities. Upper Saddle River: Pearson.
Uchida, W., Hashimoto, K., & Lutz, R. 2005. Examination of the Hierarchical Self-Esteem Model in Adults with Physical Disability. Perceptual and Motor Skills 3(2): 1161-1170.
Viriyangkura, Yuwadee. 2014. “Understanding the Support Needs of People with Intellectual and Related Developmental Disabilities through Cluster Analysis and Factor Analysis of Statewide Data.” Doctoral dissertation, Illinois State University, Normal.
ออนไลน์
Adams, Rachel. August 31, 2016. Why Has Japan’s Massacre of Disabled People Gone Unnoticed? www.independent.co.uk/voices/japan-disability-rights-massacre-tsukui-yamayuriena-gone-unnoticed-a7217661.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Amano, Aya. November 4, 2016. Father Struggles with Daughter's Death in Slayings in Sagamihara. www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201611040081.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Atomic Bomb Museum. 2006. The Survivors. http://atomicbombmuseum.org/4_survivors.shtml, accessed February 21, 2018.
Atomic Heritage Foundation. 2014. Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. www.atomicheritage.org/history/bombings-hiroshima-and-nagasaki-1945, accessed February 21, 2018.
Biography. 2016. Helen Keller: Activist, Educator, Journalist (1880-1968). www.biography.com/people/helen-keller-9361967, accessed February 21, 2018.
Brasor, Philip. April 16, 2016. Accommodating Disabilities, But Only Within Reason. www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/04/16/national/media-national/accommodating-disabilities-within-reason/#.WPzoGVJ7H2I, accessed February 21, 2018.
Carrigan, Liam. 2015. The Joy of Teaching Special Needs Classes in Japan. https://blog.gaijinpot.com/special-needs-classes-in-japan/, accessed February 21, 2018.
Center for Research on Women with Disabilities. 2016. Using the Results of CROWD’s Research. www.bcm.edu/research/centers/research-on-women-with-disabilities, accessed February 21, 2018.
Chuo University. 2017. Disability Support Services. http://global.chuo-u.ac.jp/english/services/guidelines, accessed February 21, 2018.
Cooper, Martyn. February 24, 2015. Disabled Students in Japanese Higher Education – A Time for Change. https://martyncooper.wordpress.com/2015/02/24/disabled-students-in-japanese-higher-education, accessed February 21, 2018.
Disability Information Resources. 2015a. The 30 Selected Japanese Laws Related to Persons with Disabilities. www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/law/japan/30select.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Disability Information Resources. 2015b. Japanese Organizations and Groups to Promote Full Participation of People with Disabilities No. 2. www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/asia/organization/jsrd/z00004/z0000402.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Disability Information Resources. 1997. Disability Movement: Trends in Major Disability Specific Organizations. www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/resource/z00009/z0000903.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Findlay, Carly. August 2, 2016. Why Did the Mass Murder of 19 Disabled People in Japan Barely Rate? www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/news-and-views/opinion/why-did-the-mass-murder-of-19-disabled-people-in-japan-barely-rate-20160801-gqiphz.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Fries, Kenny. 2017. ‘Otherness’ in Japan: Views of Disability and Difference. www.cies.org/article/‘otherness’-japan-views-disability-and-difference, accessed February 21, 2018.
Illinois Department of Human Services. 2017. Rehabilitation Services. www.dhs.state.il.us/page.aspx?item=29764&postdate=4/21/2016&approval=4&newsitemid=84347&getpreviousnews=false&newssidebar=29764, accessed February 21, 2018.
Japan Times. January 13, 2013. Hiring More Disabled Workers. www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2013/01/13/editorials/hiring-more-disabled-workers/#.WQIXUFJ7H2I, accessed February 21, 2018.
JDF. 2017. About JDF. www.normanet.ne.jp/~jdf/en/about.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
JSRPD. 2017. Outline & History. www.jsrpd.jp/static/english/out.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Kato, Masae. 2009. Women's Rights? The Politics of Eugenic Abortion in Modern Japan. Netherland: Amsterdam University.
Kawano, Kirsty. 2016. Special Needs Education in Japan: Support & Information Resources. https://savvytokyo.com/special-needs-education-japan/, accessed February 21, 2018.
Krings, Mike. February 11, 2015. It's Time to End Segregation of Special Education Students, Professors Say. https://phys.org/news/2015-02-segregation-special-students-professors.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Kyodo. August 15, 2016. Fresh Arrest Warrant Served on Suspect in Sagamihara Rampage. www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/08/15/national/crime-legal/fresh-arrest-warrant-served-suspect-sagamihara-rampage/#.WPToOlJ7FME, accessed February 21, 2018.
Maeda, J. & Kuniyoshi, M. August 2, 2016. Brother of Stabbing Spree Victim: I Cannot Stop Weeping. www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201608020074.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Martell, Bess Connolly. 2015. In Conversation: Karen Nakamura on 25 Years of the Americans with Disabilities Act. http://ceas.yale.edu/news/conversation-karen-nakamura-25-years-americans-disabilities-act, accessed February 21, 2018.
Mayumi, Shirasawa. October 2, 2014. The Long Road to Disability Rights in Japan. www.nippon.com/en/currents/d00133, accessed February 21, 2018.
MHG. 2017. Musashino Higashi Gakuen School. www.musashino-higashi.org/english.htm, accessed February 21, 2018.
Mizumura, Hiroko. 2017. Barrier Free Law in Japan: How to Create Age-Friendly Cities and Communities. www.mhlw.go.jp/english/policy/affairs/asean/dl/12th_sum_01-11.pdf, accessed February 21, 2018.
Mogul, Priyanka. October 13, 2016. Uncovering the 'Culture of Shame' Surrounding Disability in Japan. http://the-ipf.com/2016/10/13/culture-shame-disability-japan, accessed February 21, 2018.
Mori, Y. & Sakamoto, N. 2017. Economic Consequences of Employment Quota System for Disabled People: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design in Japan. www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0889158317300035, accessed February 21, 2018.
National Institute for Educational Policy Research. 2012. Special Needs Education in Japan. www.nier.go.jp/English/educationjapan/pdf/201209SEN.pdf, accessed February 21, 2018.
National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. 2014. Social Security in Japan 2014: Chapter 8 Policy for People with Disabilities. www.ipss.go.jp/s-info/e/ssj2014/pdf/08_SSJ2014.pdf, accessed February 21, 2018.
Okuno, Eiko. 1998. Disability Statistics in Japan. www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/asia/resource/z00ap/003/z00ap00309.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
Open University of Japan. 2015. OUJ International Symposium 2015: Impacts on ICT on Supporting Students with Disabilities in Higher Education. www.ouj.ac.jp/eng/sympo/2015/eng, accessed February 21, 2018.
Osaka University. 2017. Student Disability Services. www.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/guide/student/support_st/shien, accessed February 21, 2018.
Osaki, Tomohiro. March 24, 2016. Author, Disabilities Champion Hirotada Ototake Admits to Adulterous Affairs. www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/03/24/national/politics-diplomacy/ldp-lawmaker-disabilities-champion-admits-affair/#.WQOBRFJ7FnY, accessed February 21, 2018.
Otake, Tomoko. May 2, 2016. New Law Bans Bias Against People with Disabilities, But Shortcomings Exist, Say Experts. www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/05/02/reference/new-law-bans-bias-against-people-with-disabilities-but-shortcomings-exist-say-experts/#.WQSGc1J7FnY, accessed February 21, 2018.
Otake, Tomoko. August 27, 2006. Is ‘Disability’ Still a Dirty Word in Japan? www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2006/08/27/to-be-sorted/is-disability-still-a-dirty-word-in-japan/#.WPTOq1J7FME, accessed February 21, 2018.
Peckitt, Michael Gillan. 2016. Japanese Media Reports of Sagamihara Care Home Shootings Overlook the Disabled Victims. https://globalvoices.org/2017/03/06/japanese-media-reports-of-sagamihara-care-home-stabbings-overlook-the-disabled-victims/, accessed February 21, 2018.
Reuters. September 16, 2016. Japan Confronts Disability Stigma After Silence Over Murder Victims' Names. www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-disabled-idUSKCN11M0AM, accessed February 21, 2018.
Temple University. 2017. Disability Resources and Services (DRS). www.tuj.ac.jp/services/drs/index.html, accessed February 21, 2018.
UN. 2017. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights, accessed February 21, 2018.
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2014. What Was the Holocaust? www.ushmm.org/learn/introduction-to-the-holocaust, accessed February 21, 2018.
Willitts, Philippa. July 29, 2016. Disability Hate Leads to Mass Murder in Japan. http://globalcomment.com/disability-hate-leads-to-mass-murder-in-japan, accessed February 21, 2018.
World Health Organization. 2011. Chapter 1 Understanding Disabilities. www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/chapter1.pdf?ua=1, accessed February 21, 2018.
Wolfensberger, Wolf. 1983. Social Role Valorization: A Proposed New Term for the Principle of Normalization. Mental Retardation 21: 234-239. doi: 10.1352/1934-9556-49.6.435
Yumiko, H. & Hiroki, S. 2017. Current Status and Issues of Autism Education in Japan. www.nise.go.jp/kenshuka/josa/kankobutsu/pub_d/d-292/d-292_14.pdf, accessed February 21, 2018.
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2018-06-27
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วิริยางกูร ย. (2018). Individuals with Disabilities in Japan. Journal of Letters, 47(1), 285–343. Retrieved from https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jletters/article/view/130953
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