Thai Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation

Effect of Cognitive Training on Decision Making and Attention Through Visual Search Behavior During Tennis Serve of Youth Tennis Players

2026-05-06T22:51:20+07:00

This experimental study aimed to investigate the effects of cognitive training on decision-making ability and attention through visual search behavior during tennis serves among young tennis players. The participants consisted of 30 youth tennis players aged between 10 and 18 years (13 males and 17 females), selected using purposive sampling. The participants were divided into two groups: an experimental group (n = 15), which received a cognitive brain-training program using the Witty SEM device, and a control group (n = 15), which continued regular tennis training. Visual attention during tennis serves was assessed using eye-tracking technology. Data were collected at three time points: prior to training, after 4 weeks of training, and after 8 weeks of training. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, independent sample t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA.The results revealed that the young tennis players who participated in the cognitive training program demonstrated significantly greater improvements in memory, decision-making ability, and attention through visual search behavior during serving compared to those who did not receive the training, at the .05 level of statistical significance. These findings indicate that the Witty SEM cognitive training program can be effectively applied to enhance cognitive functioning and attentional focus through visual search behavior in athletes.

Managerial Guidelines for Promoting Physical Fitness and Sports among Employees in Scientific Product Sales Companies in Bangkok

2025-04-28T21:15:46+07:00

This research aimed to: (1) study the current situation affecting physical activity among employees of science product companies, (2) develop guidelines to promote physical activity, and (3) validate these guidelines for employee health benefits.

A mixed-methods approach was used, with quantitative data collected from questionnaires distributed to 384 employees across 10 companies, receiving 378 responses (98.44%), and qualitative data gathered through in-depth interviews with 10 participants. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Priority Needs Index (PNI Modified), while qualitative data were analyzed through content analysis. The research instruments were evaluated for content validity by three experts using the Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC). The questionnaire items had IOC values greater than 0.60, and the interview items ranged from 0.83 to 1.00, indicating acceptable content validity before actual data collection. The findings were used to develop management strategies, validated by 10 experts through focus group discussions.

Results indicated that 1) most employees were interested in badminton and aerobic dance and preferred that companies establish sports clubs, support facility expenses, and organize suitable exercise programs; and 2) recommended management strategies included formulating policies promoting sports and physical activities, establishing sports clubs, organizing regular and special exercise programs, coordinating activities with other companies, promoting sports competitions, providing rewards, using technology for activity tracking, and subsidizing facility rental costs.

Development of an On-Duty Evaluation Tool for Handball Referees

2025-04-28T12:34:38+07:00

This mixed-methods research aimed to develop an assessment form for handball referees during on-field officiating. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase involved a review of relevant literature and in-depth interviews with five purposively selected experts to identify the key components of the assessment form. The second phase evaluated the quality of the developed instrument by field-testing it with 20 handball referees officiating at the 49th Thailand National Games (“Chan Games”). Two qualified assessors independently evaluated the referees using the developed assessment form. The instrument was examined for content validity, reliability, and objectivity.

The assessment form comprised four domains: (1) knowledge and understanding of the rules and their application (6 items), (2) officiating procedures before, during, and after competition (7 items), (3) responsibility in officiating duties (3 items), and (4) referee personality (9 items), totaling 25 items. The Index of Item–Objective Congruence (IOC) was 0.96, indicating excellent content validity. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was 0.73, indicating acceptable reliability. Objectivity, assessed using Pearson’s Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, showed a very high positive correlation between the two assessors’ scores.

In conclusion, the developed handball referee assessment form demonstrated satisfactory validity, reliability, and objectivity. It is appropriate for evaluating the on-field performance of handball referees and can serve as a standardized instrument for referee assessment and development.

Effects of Active Physical Education Learning Activities Using Flipped Classroom Approach with Jigsaw Technique on Responsibility of Upper Secondary Students

2025-04-28T20:28:19+07:00

This research aimed to 1) compare the mean responsibility scores before and after the experiment between the experimental and control group. 2) compare the mean responsibility after the experiment between the experimental and control group.
The participants were 80 students from upper secondary school. The participants were divided into 2 groups: an experimental group and a control group, 40 participants each.
The experimental group received active physical education learning activities using flipped classroom approach with jigsaw technique whereas the control group received a normal physical education instruction. The treatment lasted 8 weeks. The research instruments were comprised of 8 active physical education learning activities using flipped classroom approach with jigsaw technique, (IOC = 0.99) Evaluation of responsibility assessment questionnaire 20 questions, 6 dimensions (IOC = 0.87) Reliability 0.84. Data analysis was conducted using mean, standard deviation, and compare using the t-test.

The results were as follows: 1) The mean responsibility score after the experiment of the experimental group is significantly higher than before the experiment at .05 level.
2) The mean responsibility score after the experiment of the experimental group is significantly higher than that of the control group at .05 level.

It can be concluded that the active physical education learning activities using flipped classroom approach with jigsaw technique could improve responsibility of upper secondary students.

Effects of Applied Learning of Mini-Volleyball on Attitude and Volleyball Skills of Lower Secondary Students

2025-05-06T21:29:49+07:00

This study aimed to: (1) compare the learning attitudes and volleyball skills of the experimental group before and after the intervention, and (2) compare the learning attitudes and volleyball skills of the experimental and control groups after the intervention. The participants were 66 Grade 8 students selected through purposive sampling and assigned to an experimental group (n = 33) and a control group (n = 33). The research instruments consisted of: (1) learning plans incorporating mini-volleyball activities implemented over eight weeks, (2) a learning attitude questionnaire, and (3) a volleyball skills test. Data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, paired-samples t-tests, and independent-samples t-tests. The results showed that: (1) the post-test mean scores for learning attitudes and volleyball skills in the experimental group were significantly higher than the pre-test scores at the .05 level; (2) the post-test learning attitude scores of the experimental and control groups did not differ significantly; and (3) the post-test volleyball skill scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group at the .05 level.

Construction of Physical Fitness Norms for Thailand National Sport University Mahasarakham Campus Athletes

2025-05-06T21:24:09+07:00

The objective of this research was to study and construct the physical fitness norms for Thailand National Sport University Mahasarakham Campus athletes. The population was 300 people, 181 males and 119 females of athletes of Thailand National Sport University Mahasarakham Campus, academic year 2024. The instrument used in this research was the 13 physical fitness tests, which included 1) sit and reach 2) back extension 3) grip strength 4) leg strength 5) 1-minute push-up 6) 1-minute sit-up 7) overhead throw 8) vertical jump 9) semo test 10) hexagon test 11) 50-meter sprint 12) running-based anaerobic sprint test 13) yo-yo intermittent recovery level 1. The data were analyzed by using means and standard deviation and setting the norms on each test item from the raw score.

The research found that physical fitness norms for athletes were divided into 5 levels: very good, good, medium, low, and very low. Physical fitness in both males and females scored mostly at a medium level, and physical fitness norms for athletes are according to objectives. This result can be used for athletes of Thailand National Sport University Mahasarakham Campus.

The Effects of Circuit training programs combined with recreational activities that affect Core muscle strength and leg muscle strength of students at the Thailand National Sports University Phetchabun Campus

2025-05-04T21:34:54+07:00

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a circuit training program combined with recreational activities on core muscle strength and leg muscle strength among students at Thailand National Sports University, Phetchabun Campus. The participants were 30 students from Thailand National Sports University, Phetchabun Campus, who voluntarily participated in the study and were selected using purposive sampling. The research instruments consisted of: (1) a circuit training program combined with recreational activities designed to enhance core and leg muscle strength, and (2) a 60-second Sit-up Test for assessing core muscle strength and a 60-second Chair Stand Test for assessing leg muscle strength. Data were analyzed using One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA). Pairwise comparisons were performed using the Bonferroni method.

The results revealed that: (1) the mean ± standard deviation scores for the 60-second Sit-up Test before training, after four weeks of training, and after eight weeks of training were 28.73 ± 2.545, 33.20 ± 2.441, and 38.80 ± 2.041 repetitions, respectively. Core muscle strength significantly increased after eight weeks of training compared with the pre-training level
(p < .05). (2) The mean ± standard deviation scores for the 60-second Chair Stand Test before training, after four weeks of training, and after eight weeks of training were 34.67 ± 2.468, 39.13 ± 3.003, and 44.40 ± 2.541 repetitions, respectively. Leg muscle strength also significantly increased after eight weeks of training compared with the pre-training level (p < .05).

The Need Assessment to Promote Handball in Schools

2025-05-04T21:52:35+07:00

This study employed a needs assessment research design to investigate students’ priority needs for promoting handball in schools. The sample consisted of 403 athletes and students from schools participating in the National Student Handball Competition in January – March 2025. A questionnaire was utilized to assess both the current and expected situations regarding handball promotion. Data were analyzed using the Modified Priority Needs Index (PNI modified) to identify and rank the most critical factors.

The findings indicated that the highest need was related to handball facilities and equipment (PNI modified = 0.78), followed by budget allocation (PNI modified = 0.77), and management and administration (PNI modified = 0.68). Other needs included community networking and support (PNI modified = 0.057), curriculum and instructional management (PNI modified = 0.050), personnel development (PNI modified = 0.049), and public relations and motivation (PNI modified = 0.040).

These results highlight prioritized factors necessary for the effective promotion of handball in schools and provide a foundation for developing strategic guidelines and policies to support sustainable handball development at the school level.

The Results of Volleyball Instruction Based on the Royal Initiative Philosophy on the Academic Achievement of Lower Secondary School Students

2025-05-18T23:01:14+07:00

This research aimed to study the learning achievement in a volleyball course after implementing instructional management based on the Royal Philosophy, and to compare the learning outcomes between students taught using the Royal Philosophy approach and those taught through traditional methods. The sample consisted of 80 Grade 7 students from the Demonstration School of Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Research and Development Center for Education. The students were selected through cluster sampling and divided into two groups: 40 students in the experimental group and 40 in the control group, selected by lottery. The research instruments included: 1) A volleyball course instructional plan based on the Royal Philosophy, 2) A volleyball skill test, 3) A volleyball knowledge test, 4) A knowledge test on the Royal Philosophy in the context of volleyball, and 5) An attitude questionnaire. The statistical methods used in the study included percentage, mean, standard deviation, and t-tests for comparison.

The research findings revealed that: 1) Learning achievement in the volleyball course using the Royal Philosophy approach significantly increased at the .05 level. 2) The experimental group outperformed the control group with statistically significant differences at the .05 level in terms of: Knowledge of the volleyball subject matter, Basic volleyball skills, and Understanding of the Royal Philosophy in the context of volleyball. 3) Students’ attitudes toward learning volleyball based on the Royal Philosophy were at an “agree” level (X̅ = 3.68, S.D. = 1.32).

Effect of the Ladder Training Program in Combination with Changing the Direction of Movement on the Agility of Male Students. Upper Elementary Level Pratchatorn School

2025-05-06T21:26:59+07:00

This study aimed to develop a ladder training program combined with change-of-direction movement exercises and to compare its effects on agility before training, after four weeks of training, and after eight weeks of training among upper primary male students at Pratchatorn School. The participants consisted of 30 upper primary male students selected through purposive sampling and equally assigned to an experimental group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15). The experimental group participated in the ladder training program combined with change-of-direction movement exercises, whereas the control group followed their regular movement activities. The training program was conducted for eight weeks, three sessions per week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday), from 3:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. The research instruments included: (1) an eight-pattern ladder training program combined with change-of-direction movement exercises, and (2) the Zig–Zag Run agility test. Data were analyzed using the mean and standard deviation. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (One-way Repeated Measures ANOVA) was employed to compare agility within each group, while a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (Two-way Repeated Measures ANOVA) was used to compare agility between groups. Pairwise comparisons were performed using the Bonferroni post hoc test. Statistical significance was set at the .05 level.

The results revealed that: (1) both the experimental group and the control group demonstrated significant improvements in agility across all measurement periods (p < .05); and (2) significant differences in agility were found between the two groups after four weeks and eight weeks of training (p < .05). These findings indicate that the ladder training program combined with change-of-direction movement exercises developed by the researcher was more effective in improving agility than regular movement training.

Effects of Cup Stacking Physical Education on Hand-Eye Coordination in Upper Primary School Students

2025-05-15T22:45:47+07:00

The purposes of this study were: (1) to compare the mean scores of hand-eye coordination between the experimental and control groups of upper elementary school students before and after the experiment; and (2) to compare the post-test mean scores of hand-eye coordination between the experimental and control groups. The participants consisted of 73 Grade 4 students, divided into an experimental group of 36 students and a control group of 37 students. The intervention lasted for 8 weeks with weekly 60-minute sessions.The research instruments included: (1) eight physical education lesson plans using cup stacking activities (IOC = 0.95) , and (2) the Alternate Hand Wall Toss Test (IOC = 1.00). Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation (S.D.), and t-tests. and standard deviation (S.D.) of hand-eye coordination scores and t-test analysis

The research findings revealed that: (1) the experimental group showed a statistically significant improvement in hand-eye coordination scores after the intervention at the .05 level, and (2) the post-test mean score of hand-eye coordination in the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group at the .05 level.

It can be concluded that physical education learning management through cup stacking activities can enhance hand-eye coordination among upper elementary school students

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Online Sexual Harassment Prevention Behaviors Among High School Students

2025-05-22T22:05:29+07:00

This study aimed to (1) examine and develop the components of online sexual harassment prevention behaviors among high school students, and (2) assess the goodness-of-fit of the proposed model with empirical data. The sample consisted of 602 high school students aged between 15 and 19 years, selected through multistage random sampling. The research instrument was an online questionnaire measuring online sexual harassment prevention behaviors among high school students. The item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI) was 0.94, and the scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI) was 0.96. The reliability coefficient of the overall questionnaire was 0.89. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean, percentage, and standard deviation, along with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).

The results revealed three main components of online sexual harassment prevention behaviors: (1) Safe Social Media Usage, with a factor loading of 1.00; (2) Immediate Response to Online Sexual Harassment, with a factor loading of 0.98; and (3) Management of Online Sexual Harassment Incidents, with a factor loading of 1.00. The confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the model had a good fit with the empirical data: Chi-Square = 24.12, df = 18, p-value = 0.15, CFI = 0.99, GFI = 0.99, AGFI = 0.98, NFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.02. These results indicate that the proposed model of online sexual harassment prevention behaviors among high school students is consistent with the empirical data and can be used to explain such behaviors effectively.

Effects of Circuit Training Program on Discipline and Futsal Shooting Ability of Lower Secondary Students

2025-05-27T07:13:23+07:00

This study aimed to: 1) compare the discipline and futsal shooting ability scores of lower secondary students in the experimental group before and after the intervention, and
2) compare the discipline and futsal shooting ability scores between the experimental and control groups after the intervention. The participants were 60 students in Grades 7–9, selected through purposive sampling. They were assigned into two groups using a matching method: 30 students in the experimental group and 30 students in the control group. The research instruments consisted of: 1) an eight-week circuit training program (IOC = 0.69), 2) a discipline assessment (IOC = 0.85), and 3) a futsal shooting ability test (IOC = 0.95). Data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation, and differences between mean scores were tested using t-tests.

The results revealed that: 1) the mean discipline and futsal shooting ability scores of the experimental group after the intervention were significantly higher than those before the intervention at the .05 level; and 2) after the intervention, the experimental group had significantly higher mean discipline and futsal shooting ability scores than the control group at the .05 level. In conclusion, the circuit training program improved discipline and futsal shooting ability among lower secondary students.

Effects of Physical Education Instruction Using CIPPA Model on Teamwork and Collaboration Competency of Lower Secondary School Students

2025-05-18T22:46:24+07:00

The objective of this research was to study Effects of physical education instruction using CIPPA Model on teamwork and collaboration competency of lower secondary school students. Specifically, the study aimed to: 1) compare the pre-test and post-test results of teamwork and collaboration competency among students in the experimental group, and 2) compare the post-test results between the experimental group and the control group. The sample consisted of 60 lower secondary school students from the Demonstration School under the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation in Bangkok, during the second semester of the 2024 academic year. The school was purposively selected, and two classrooms were chosen using simple random sampling, with 30 students in each group (experimental and control). The research tools included: 1) eight physical education instruction using CIPPA Model lesson plans (IOC = 0.8), and 2) a teamwork and collaboration competency assessment before and after instruction (IOC = 0.9). Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and t-test. The findings revealed that: 1) the teamwork and collaboration scores of the experimental group after the intervention were significantly higher than before the intervention at the .05 level, and 2) the post-intervention scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group at the .05 level.

Effects of Physical Education Learning Activities Using Collaborative Learning on Emotional Intelligence and Basic handball skills of Lower Secondary Students

2025-05-27T07:20:52+07:00

This research aims to 1) compare the mean scores of emotional intelligence and Basic handball skills before and after the experiment within the experimental and control groups, and 2) compare the mean scores of emotional intelligence and basic handball skills after the experiment between the experimental and control groups. The sample consisted of 60 Grade 7 students, divided equally into an experimental group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). The intervention was implemented over a period of 8 weeks. The research instruments included: 1) eight physical education lesson plans based on collaborative learning (IOC = 1.00) 2) an emotional intelligence assessment for children aged 12–17 years (IOC = 0.94), and 3) a basic handball skills test (IOC = 1.00). The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and t-test for comparing the mean scores.

The results revealed that: 1) the mean scores of emotional intelligence and basic handball skills of the experimental group after the experiment were significantly higher than before the experiment at the .05 level, and 2) the mean scores of emotional intelligence and basic handball skills of the experimental group after the experiment were significantly higher than those of the control group at the .05 level.

Presentation of a Program using Gamification and Functional Training Principles to enhance Muscle Strength and Endurance, Flexibility, and Problem-Solving Skills of Elementary Students

2025-05-26T17:59:30+07:00

The aim of this research was to present a program that utilizes gamification and functional training principles to enhance muscle strength and endurance, flexibility, and problem-solving skills of elementary students. The research methodology consisted of five phases: Phase I involves the study of theoretical concepts derived from documents, textbooks, and related research. Phase II focuses on the analysis and synthesis of the core elements, along with relevant research. Phase III involves the creation of a program that incorporates gamification and functional training principles. Phase IV consists of a quality check of the developed program by five experts to assess the index of congruence. Phase V focuses on enhancing the program based on the experts' recommendations. The research yielded the following results: 1) The developed program incorporated gamification and functional training principles to enhance muscle strength and endurance, flexibility, and problem-solving skills of elementary students. It consisted of eight activities, namely: (1) Flex and Flow (2) Elevate Together (3) One Goal, One Team (4) Unite to Achieve (5) Move in Our Style (6) Stronger Together (7) Ball Rush Party and (8) Strong as One 2) The program was implemented over a period of 8 weeks, with activities held three days per week, 60 minutes per day. Each week consists of the activity title, daily sub activities per day and objectives. 3) The program using gamification and functional training principles, achieved an index of congruence of 0.9

A Study on the Impact of College Students' Physical Activities in Shandong Province, China on Promoting Sports Health: A Perspective from Sports Psychological Well-being and Regular Exercise Habits

2026-06-15T18:55:42+07:00

To explore the relationships among physical activity, exercise psychological well-being, regular exercise habits, and promoting exercise health among college students in Shandong Province, this study took 589 college students from 6 universities in Shandong Province as research objects, and conducted an empirical analysis using methods including a literature review, questionnaire survey, and mathematical statistics. Based on the WHO Global Action Plan on Physical Activity, the concept of physical health, and self-determination theory, a four-variable relationship model was constructed, and four research hypotheses were proposed. Reliability, validity, correlation, and regression analyses were performed using SPSS.

This study revealed that physical activity could directly improve college students’ exercise psychological well-being and regular exercise habits, and further promote exercise health through the mediating roles of the two variables, forming a positive path: “physical activity → exercise psychological well-being and regular exercise habits → exercise health”. Accordingly, recommendations were proposed from the perspectives of curriculum optimization, psychological support, physical environment construction, and students’ self-behavior development, so as to provide empirical evidence and practical implications for universities to implement the concept of exercise health and cultivate lifelong exercise habits of college students.

Developing the Potential of the Thai National Archery Team for the Disabled to Achieve Excellence

2025-09-29T20:10:16+07:00

This study aimed to: 1) investigate the problems and barriers to developing the potential of Thai national para-archers toward sporting excellence; 2) examine the factors contributing to their success; and 3) propose guidelines for athlete development. A qualitative case study design was employed. The key informants comprised 20 participants: nine Thai national para-archers, five coaches, and six executives or representatives of relevant organizations. They were selected using purposive and snowball sampling. Data were collected through focus group discussions, semi-structured in-depth interviews, and documentary analysis, and were analyzed using thematic content analysis.

The findings revealed that: 1) the major problems and barriers included insufficient and inconsistent support in terms of funding, welfare, equipment, personnel, and training facilities, as well as a lack of long-term development planning; 2) the factors contributing to success comprised internal factors, including attitudes, commitment, motivation, and physical and psychological readiness, and external factors, including standardized training systems, appropriate equipment and technology, qualified coaches, the application of sports science, and support from relevant organizations; and 3) athlete development should adopt an integrated and athlete-centered approach by systematically strengthening management, training, personnel development, sports science and technology, and psychological readiness. These approaches are essential for advancing Thai national para-archers toward sustainable sporting excellence.

The Development of a Muay Thai Exercise Program Based on the King's Philosophy to Improve Health-Related Physical Fitness in Lower Secondary School Students

2025-05-22T20:51:38+07:00

The primary objectives of this study were (1) To develop a Muay Thai exercise program based on the King’s Philosophy for lower secondary school students.
(2) to evaluate and compare participants’ health-related physical fitness before and after engaging in the program and (3) to assess participants’ satisfaction with the developed program. The study sample comprised 40 Grade 8 students (Mathayom 2) from Ratchaborikanukroh School, located in Mueang District, Ratchaburi Province, who were enrolled in a Muay Thai course during the first semester of the 2024 academic year. The participants were selected using a cluster random sampling technique through a lottery. The research instruments included (1) a Muay Thai exercise program based on the King’s Philosophy, developed by the researcher, which demonstrated content validity indices ranging from 0.60 to 1.00 (2) a satisfaction questionnaire specifically designed to evaluate the developed program, exhibiting a reliability coefficient of 0.86 and (3) a standardized physical fitness test for youths aged 13 to 18 years, as established by the Department of Physical Education. Statistical analyses employed in the study comprised descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics through the dependent samples t-test.

The findings indicated that (1) the developed Muay Thai exercise program was of high quality and deemed appropriate for practical implementation (2) participants showed statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05) in all components of health-related physical fitness following program participation and (3) the overall satisfaction with the program, as reported by participants, was at the highest level.

Study of Exercise Behavior of Students in the Faculty of Education Thailand Thailand National Sports University Northeastern Campus

2025-10-24T09:15:24+07:00

This research aimed to 1) study the exercise behavior of students in the Faculty of Education, Thailand National Sports University, Northeastern Campus and 2) compare the exercise behavior of students according to gender and campus. The sample group used in the research was 1st-4th year students in the academic year 2022 from the Faculty of Education, all 4 campuses: Chaiyaphum, Maha Sarakham, Sisaket and Udon Thani. The sample size was determined according to Yamane's (1973) formula at a confidence level of 95% and an error of 0.05. The sample size was 350 people using the proportional stratified random sampling method, divided by campus, gender and campus. The research instrument was an exercise behavior questionnaire consisting of 3 dimensions: knowledge, attitude and practice. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, as well as t-test and one-way ANOVA, and pairwise comparisons using the (LSD) method, with statistical significance set at .05. The results of the research found that:

1. Most male and female students had very good knowledge about exercise. The top 5 most widely recognized issues were: exercise helps strengthen the body (98.30%), making good use of free time (94.29%), increasing blood circulation and stimulating sexual feelings (93.10%), exercising for at least 30 minutes at a time. (91.00%), and strengthening immunity (90.00%). The students' exercise behaviors were at a high level, with an average knowledge of 2.01 ± 1.06, attitude of 3.84 ± 1.07, and practice of 3.97 ± 1.49.
2. The results of the comparison of exercise behaviors classified by gender found that male and female students showed no statistically significant difference in knowledge. However, there was a statistically significant difference in attitude and practice at the .05 level. The results of the comparison by campus found that there was no statistically significant difference in knowledge, but attitude and practice were statistically significantly different at the .05 level.

Development of the SAFE Model for Survival Swimming Lessons Among Elementary Students with Aquaphobia

2025-06-14T12:51:46+07:00

Drowning remains a significant cause of preventable mortality among children, highlighting the importance of survival swimming education. However, children with aquaphobia may experience fear and anxiety that limit their participation in conventional swimming instruction. This study aimed to develop and validate the SAFE Model for survival swimming instruction among elementary students with aquaphobia. The model was developed through a review of relevant literature, an investigation of factors associated with aquaphobia, and interviews with seven professionals in swimming instruction. The preliminary model was subsequently reviewed by five experts in physical education to establish content validity using the Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IOC). The SAFE Model was designed to integrate survival swimming and water-safety knowledge with developmentally appropriate learning experiences addressing the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. The accompanying evaluation instruments comprised the SAFE Model assessment checklist, focused observations, and a post-training questionnaire on students’ learning experiences. Expert evaluation indicated strong congruence between the proposed instructional components and their intended objectives, supporting the content validity of the model and its evaluation instruments. The resulting SAFE Model provides a structured instructional framework for promoting water-safety knowledge, positive engagement with aquatic activities, and progressive development of fundamental survival swimming skills among elementary students with aquaphobia. Further empirical research is recommended to evaluate the effectiveness of the SAFE Model on students’ swimming competencies, water-related confidence, and survival skills.

A Construction of Agility Test for The University Korfball Athlete

2025-05-22T21:53:13+07:00

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of an agility test and establish normative standards for university korfball athletes. Content validity was assessed by seven experts using the Index of Item–Objective Congruence (IOC). Concurrent validity was determined by examining the correlation between the developed test and the Illinois Agility Test. Reliability was assessed using a test–retest method with a one-week interval, while objectivity was determined by examining the correlation between scores recorded by two testers. The population used to establish the normative standards consisted of 180 university korfball athletes, including 99 male and 81 female athletes. Data were analyzed using the mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s product–moment correlation coefficient, and T-scores.

The results showed that the developed agility test for university korfball athletes demonstrated acceptable content validity, with IOC values ranging from 0.71 to 1.00. The concurrent validity coefficient was 0.91, indicating a very good level; the test–retest reliability coefficient was 0.82, indicating a good level; and the objectivity coefficient was 0.94, indicating a very good level. Normative standards were established separately for male and female university korfball athletes and classified into five levels: very good, good, moderate, low, and very low. These findings indicate that the developed test demonstrates satisfactory validity, reliability, and objectivity and can be used to assess agility among university korfball athletes.

A Comparison of Swimming Anxiety Between Backstroke and Front Crawl Instruction in Early Elementary School Students

2025-06-14T13:10:07+07:00

This research aimed to compare swimming anxiety between two different instructional approaches—backstroke and front crawl—among early primary school students. The sample consisted of 32 third-grade students, divided into an experimental group (16 students) and a control group (16 students). The study employed a quasi-experimental research design over a 10-week period. The experimental group received instruction in the backstroke, while the control group was taught the front crawl. Research instruments included lesson plans for teaching backstroke and front crawl swimming, as well as a swimming anxiety assessment tool. Data were analyzed using Paired-Samples t-tests for within-group comparisons and Independent-Samples t-tests for between-group comparisons.

The results showed no statistically significant difference in swimming anxiety between the experimental and control groups (p > .05) both before and after the intervention. The average pre-test anxiety score for the experimental group was 27 (S.D. = 6.491), which decreased to 20.13 (S.D. = 3.612) after the instruction. For the control group, the average pre-test anxiety score was 31.125 (S.D. = 9.535), which decreased to 20.75 (S.D. = 4.171) after the instruction. However, within each group, swimming anxiety levels significantly decreased compared to the pre-test scores (p < .05).

Factors Affecting the Outcome of Sports Tourism in Thailand

2025-06-29T20:08:13+07:00

This academic article aims to present the factors that influence the outcome of sports tourism in Thailand by using 6important components to measure the success and sustainability of sports tourism in the long term: 1) satisfaction 2) repeat visits 3) word-of-mouth 4) positive attitude 5) perceived quality and 6) perceived value. It also presents 3 factors that influence the outcome of sports tourism in Thailand: 1) marketing strategy (7P’s) 2) digital technology and 3) sports tourism motivation, which play an important strategic role in promoting the outcome of sports tourism in terms of economy society and the development of sports cities in Thailand. In order to achieve tangible results, it is further suggested that the influence of these factors on the outcome of sports tourism in Thailand should be confirmed by analyzing the structural equation model.