The Effect of the Visualization Auditory Kinesthetic Learning Method on College Students' Memory in Indonesia

Mon, 06 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to examine the implementation stages of the Visualization–Auditory–Kinesthetic (VAK) learning method in civic education and to evaluate its effect on university students’ memory performance. A quasi-experimental design was employed with a sample of 160 students, comprising 80 students in the experimental group and 80 in the control group. Research instruments included observation sheets to document the implementation of the VAK method and memory tests in the form of pre-test and post-test assessments. Data were analyzed using the Independent Samples t-test and N-Gain Scores to compare memory improvement between the two groups. The VAK learning method was implemented through six stages: problem identification, problem selection, information collection, portfolio development, portfolio presentation, and reflection. The findings indicate substantial improvements in the experimental group, with increases observed in sensory memory (1.22), short-term memory (3.25), long-term memory (3.22), working memory (3.11), procedural memory (3.98), and declarative memory (3.28). The experimental group achieved an average N-Gain Score of 71.63%, categorized as very effective, compared to 35.17% in the control group. Results of the Independent Samples t-test (Sig. = 0.00 < 0.05) confirm that the VAK learning method has a significant positive effect on students’ memory in civic education.

Applying a Design Thinking Framework to Analyze Innovation-Oriented School Management: Case Studies in Diverse Contexts

Nachanan Suphasirisuk, Panida Sakuntanak — Wed, 24 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

In contemporary education, schools face increasing pressure to foster innovation while addressing diverse contextual challenges, including teacher shortages, limited resources, and varied student needs. Despite national policies emphasizing creative and adaptive learning, many school leaders lack structured approaches to systematically develop innovation-oriented management practices. This study examines how school leaders implement innovation-oriented management using a Design Thinking (DT) framework as an analytical lens. The research aims to: (1) analyze school contexts, problems, and policies across diverse settings; (2) investigate innovative management and instructional practices, particularly in relation to DT principles; and (3) explore professional development pathways that facilitate DT-informed leadership. A multiple-case study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with twelve school leaders from urban, ethnic minority, and remote schools, complemented by focus group discussions to capture collaborative practices and validate interpretations. The interview protocol and focus group discussion guide were reviewed for content validity by eight experts in educational leadership and innovation, ensuring clarity, relevance, and comprehensiveness. The findings show that urban schools utilized technology and integrated curricula, while ethnic minority and remote schools adopted adaptive strategies such as multi-grade teaching, community partnerships, and culturally responsive instruction. School leaders demonstrated implicit DT practices, including empathy-driven problem framing, iterative reflection, and collaborative solution development, despite having limited formal knowledge of DT. Professional development pathways included self-directed, experiential, network-based, and inquiry-oriented learning. Leadership approaches encompassed organizational and community development, reflecting DT-oriented, technology-driven, and problem-solving styles. Integrating DT within Professional Learning Communities (PLCs) and aligning policies with local contexts can enhance leadership capacity for genuine innovation, thereby providing guidance for cultivating creative, adaptive, and context-sensitive school leaders.

Journal of Multidisciplinary in Social Sciences

The Effect of the Visualization Auditory Kinesthetic Learning Method on College Students' Memory in Indonesia

Applying a Design Thinking Framework to Analyze Innovation-Oriented School Management: Case Studies in Diverse Contexts